calcareous material. The material was brought in by Gregory T. Greene.) 

 - J.L.M. 



1943 



Wardle, William J. 1979. 



A new marine cercaria (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) from the southern quahog 

 Mercenaria campeehiensis . Contrib. Mar, Sci. 22: 53-56. 



A new larval trematode, Cercaria mercenariae n. sp. , is described from 

 gonadal tissue of southern quahog M. campeehiensis from Galveston, Texas. 

 It most resembles Cercaria loossi. This is the first report of a cercaria 

 from clams of the genus Mercenaria. - J.L.M. 



1944 



Warinner, J. E., and M. L. Brehmer. 1966. 



The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Internatl. J. Air 

 Water Pollution 10(4): 277-289. 



Mercenaria mercenaria was not taken during the study, possibly because 

 samples of benthos were taken with a 1/20 m 2 Petersen grab. The authors 

 comment that a sparsely distributed organism like hard clam might contribute 

 greatly to biomass of a sample, but little numerically. Nineteen molluscan 

 species were taken. Community composition and abundance of marine benthic 

 invertebrates were affected by thermal discharge from a plant in the York 

 River, Virginia, over a distance of 300 to 400 m. The affected area was 

 small because the less dense heated water rises above the bottom as it flows 

 offshore. Diversity indices indicated stress. In winter, diversity was 

 higher. Stress was noted at times of high normal river temp. - J.L.M. 



1945 



Warren, Shields. 1916. 



Feeding habits of Busycon. Nautilus 30: 66-68. 



Busycon canaliculata will not attack quahogs as early in life as B. carica 

 because the lip of its shell is almost paper-like until the snail is well 

 grown. A quahog is grasped by the foot of the snail so that the hinge is 

 toward the columella. The edges of the clam are left free. Usually Busycon 

 rests on its foot and the canal points upward at an angle of about 30°. 

 The foot slowly contracts, about 6 times/min, and the edge of the clam is 

 brought against the inner edge of the lip with considerable pressure, then 

 is drawn inward and toward the canal. A small piece is chipped from the 

 edge of the clam, and the process is repeated until the gap is large enough 

 to admit the radula, which then tears out the flesh. This chips the lip of 

 the snail, also. The whelk does not always succeed, for occasionally clams 

 are found alive with the edge much chipped. - J.L.M. 



1946 



Warwick, R. M. , C. L. George, and J. R. Davies. 1978. 



Annual macrofauna production in a Venus community. Estuarine Coastal 

 Mar. Sci. 7(3): 215-241. 



Total annual production was 25.815 g/m2/ yr , mean biomass 45.793 g/m 2 /yr, 

 giving an overall P/B for the community of 0.56. Annual production of 

 Venus striatula was 0.616 g/m 2 /yr and mean biomass 1.496 g/m2/ yr , giving 

 a P/B ratio of 0.41. Spawning success is variable from year to year; 

 1969 set was 2.3 clams/m 2 , 1972 set only 0.8 clams/m 2 . Mercenaria 

 mercenaria is not mentioned. - J.L.M. 



542 



