1947 



Wass, Marvin L. 1965. 



Check list of the marine invertebrates of Virginia. Va. Inst. Mar. Sci . , 

 Spec. Sci. Rept. 24, 3rd rev., 58 p. 



Phylum Mollusca, Class Pelecypoda, Order Eulamellibranchia, Family Veneridae, 

 Mercenaria mercenaria (L. , 1758). Abundant above 10°/°°- - J.L.M. 



1948 



Wass, M. L. 1967. 



Biological and physiological basis of indicator organisms and communities. 

 Section II - Indicators of pollution. In Pollution and Marine Ecology. 

 Theodore A. Olson and Fredrick J. Burgess (eds.). Interscience Pub., New 

 York: 271-283. 



Mercenaria (Venus) mercenaria is not mentioned in this chapter nor elsewhere 

 in the book . - J.L.M. 



1949 



Waters, John F. 1970. 



The Sea Farmers. Hastings House, Publishers, New York, 120 p. 



This popular account describes aquaculture of fishes, mollusks, and other 

 invertebrates and plants, including hard clam (not mentioned by scientific 

 name, but obviously Mercenaria mercenaria). Information was obtained from 

 papers reviewed elsewhere in this bibliography, and from correspondence and 

 discussions with well-known shellfish biologists and administrators. The 

 discussion of hard clam life history is brief, but clear and reasonably 

 accurate. - J.L.M. 



1950 



Watling, Les, and Don Maurer. 1973. 



Guide to the macroscopic estuarine and marine invertebrates of the Delaware 

 Bay region. Del. Bay Rept. Ser. 5. Dennis F. Polis (ed.) . Coll. Mar. 

 Stud., Univ. Del., 178 p. 



Phylum Mollusca, Class Pelecypoda, Order Eulamellibranchia, Family Veneridae, 

 Mercenaria mercenaria . - J.L.M. 



1951 



Weatherley, A. H., and B. M. G. Cogger. 1977. 



Fish culture: Problems and prospects. Science 197(4302): 427-430. 



Deals with fishes, not mollusks. Discussion of problems such as lack of an 

 organized summation of the field of knowledge, high operating costs, and 

 others are generally pertinent to shellfish culture. - J.L.M. 



1952 



Webber, Harold H. 19 72. 



Invertebrate aquaculture. In Progress in Fishery and Food Science. Remedios 

 W. Moore (ed.). Univ. Washington Pub. Fish., New Ser. 5, Seattle: 191-201. 



Except in Japan and the United States little effort has been devoted to 

 culture of clams. Mercenaria mercenaria grows well in British waters but 

 apparently does not breed there regularly except in Southampton Harbor. If 

 hard clam is to become a significant crop in England hatchery production of 

 seed is essential. Hard clam culture is much like that developed for oysters, 

 up to the time of metamorphosis and settlement of spat. Thereafter, behavior 

 and substrate preferences are different. Juveniles must be protected up to 

 about 7 to 8 mm diameter from predation by Carcinus maenas , which abounds in 



543 



