early discovery of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in central nervous system of 

 Venus; excitatory action of LSD and the extraordinary sensitivity of the heart 

 to this substance; presence of dopamine in primitive nervous systems; 

 innervation of a heart by neurosecretory neurons; and resemblance of the 

 action of neuropeptides that they presumably release to action of 5-HT on 

 heart. - modified author's conclusions - J.L.M. 



1978 



Welsh, John H. 1972. 



Catecholamines in the invertebrates. Chapter 4 in Catecholamines. 



H. Blaschko and E. Muscholl (eds.) . Handbk. Exper. Pharmacol, New Series 33, 



Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: 79-109. 



This review chapter cites the work of Sweeney and Greenberg on Mercenaries 

 mercenaries. These papers are abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. 

 M. mercenaria contains 22 to 261 ug/g wet tissue of dopamine. Noradrenaline 

 and adrenaline were not detected. Determination was by spectrof luorometry. 



- J.L.M. 



1979 



Welsh, John H.,and Lois D. W. Arnold. 1973. 



The serotonin-like actions of some hallucinogens on a molluscan heart. Bol. 

 Zool. Biol. Mar., Sao Paulo (Nova Ser) 30: 81-86. 



Several psychedelic substances representing different classes of hallucinogens 

 mimic the action of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) , rather than 

 catecholamines, on isolated hearts of Mercenaria mercenaria. Included in 

 this or earlier studies were indole derivatives, indole-containing substances, 

 and phenylethylamine derivatives. - J.L.M. 



1980 



Welsh, John H., and Jane E. Hyde. 1944. 



The distribution of acetylcholine in brains of rats of different ages. 

 J. Neurophysiol. 7(1): 41-49. 



Regional distribution of acetylcholine (ACh) in rat brain is related to that 

 of cholinesterase. Resistance of different parts of the mammalian nervous 

 system to anoxia and hypoglycemia may be related to the quantitative 

 distribution of ACh. Extracts were assayed on isolated hearts of Venus 

 mercenaria because it is extremely sensitive to small amounts of ACh. 

 Except for the pallium, changes in ACh level of parts of rat brain with age 

 are fairly closely paralleled by changes in respiration, glucose utilization, 

 and glycogen storage. - J.L.M. 



1981 



Welsh, John H.,and Anne C. McCoy. 1957. 



Action of d-lysergic acid diethylamide and its 2-bromo derivative on the 

 heart of Venus mercenaria. Science 125(3243): 348. 



Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) appears to be a normal regulatory neurohumor 

 of Venus heart. This heart is extremely sensitive to LSD, which has an 

 excitor action resembling that of serotonin. Unlike serotonin, however, 

 action of LSD is very slowly reversed by washing. Bromo-LSD antagonizes the 

 actions of serotonin and LSD on Venus heart. These several actions and 

 interactions appear to parallel rather closely those observed in mammalian 

 nervous systems. - J.L.M. 



1982 



Welsh, John H., and Merilyn Moorhead. 1959. 



The in vitro synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine from 5-hydroxytryptophan by 

 nervous tissues of two species of mollusks. Gunma J. Med. Sci. 8(3): 211-218. 



Ganglia of Venus mercenaria contain much more 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) than 

 Busy con ganglia. In fact Venus ganglia are among the highest in 5-HT of any 



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