of the carbonyl group produced marked losses in biological activity. It was 

 concluded that a carbonyl group at a maximum distance of 7 A from a 

 quaternary nitrogen is an important linking group with the receptor protein 

 of Venus heart. It was suggested that a bond forms between the carbonyl 

 carbon or ketone oxygen and an appropriate group in the protein molecule. 



- J.L.M. 



1991 



Welsh, John H., and Rae Taub. 1953. 



The action of acetylcholine antagonists on the heart of Venus mercenaries. 

 Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 8(3): 327-333. 



This paper reports attempts to gain better understanding of structure- 

 activity relationships of acetylcholine (ACh) and one type of "receptor 

 substance" by restricting attention to one suitable, isolated organ, 

 Venus mereenaria heart. The hypothesis was that ACh receptor substances 

 may be a family of enzymes for which ACh serves as a coenzyme. Pharmacology 

 of Venus heart resembles that of vertebrate autonomic ganglia in many ways, 

 but it differs in some important respects, such as failure of pentamethonium 

 to block ACh on Venus heart, whereas mytolon, which has little action at 

 synapses in autonomic ganglia, is the most effective ACh antagonist yet 

 found for this organ. The ACh blocking action of certain substances having 

 2 carbonyl groups, such as barbiturates and mytolon, suggests that these 

 groups may attach simultaneously to the ACh receptor molecule. This could 

 account for the action of the large group of substances having 2 or more 

 carbonyl groups that are useful as analgesics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. 



- J.L.M. 



1992 



Welsh, John H., and Betty Twarog. 1960. 



Chapter III in Measurement of smooth muscle activity in invertebrate 

 animals. In Methods in Medical Research. H. D. Bruner (ed.) . Yearbook 

 Pub., Inc. Chicago, 8: 187-199. 



Techniques and methods for using isolated hearts of Venus mereenaria as 

 sensitive and selective test objects for bioassay of acetylcholine (ACh) 

 and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) are given. Techniques for storing and 

 dissecting clams, and details of the assay preparation are described and 

 methods of assay discussed. - J.L.M. 



1993 



Welsh, J. H., M. Mirolli,and G. A. Cottrell. 1965. 



5-Hydroxytryptamine and the action of reserpine on molluscs. XXIII 

 Interna tl. Physiol. Congr . , Tokyo. 



Interlibrary loan reported that the volume requested did not contain the 

 article described. Search terminated. - J.L.M. 



1994 



Westman, James R., Sr., and Milton H. Bidwell. 1948. 



Waste disposal and the fisheries of the salt waters adjacent to the Greater 

 New York Metropolitan area. N.Y. State Conserv. Dept. , Bu. Mar. Fish, 

 (unpub.) , 6 p., 6 tables, 2 figs. 



At the time of writing, water pollution had been responsible for loss of 

 about 1/3 of N.Y. shellfish grounds for food production. At the wholesale 

 level this loss was estimated at $4 million. Only a small portion of the 

 waters of Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and Lower New York Bay remain 

 certified for shellfish harvesting. New York waters of this area were very 

 productive of hard clams. For example, a small certified area off Staten 

 Island (illustrated in fig. 1, which was not included in the copy available 

 to us) produced more than 13,000 bushels of clams in 1947. Total hard clam 

 production from N.Y. waters of the Lower New York Bay complex was 985,440 lbs 

 of meats in 1946, 1,056,000 lbs in 1947. Recommendations are made for changes 

 in methods of waste disposal in the area. - J.L.M. 



555 



