2029 



Williams, Robert J. 1970. 



Freezing tolerance in Mytilus edulis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 35(1): 145-161. 



Mytilus edulis can survive at -10°C, Venus mevcenaria to -6°C. Both species 

 succumb to freezing injury when 64% of their tissue water has been changed to 

 ice, which supports the hypothesis that freezing injury is caused by removal 

 of a maximum tolerated proportion of cell water, with accompanying reduction 

 in cell volume to a minimum tolerated level, regardless of the absolute 

 concentration or constitution of solutes involved. In Mytilus adapted to 

 higher salinity, freezing tolerance increases also. Lower salinity reduces 

 freezing tolerance. About 20% of the water in Mytilus was osmotically 

 inactive at freezing temps and salinities studied; the mechanism of binding 

 of this water is not thoroughly understood. A similar mechanism was not seen 

 in Venus, in which solutes do not seem to behave differently from those 

 calculated for seawater. - J.L.M. 



2030 



Wilson, Douglas P. 1958. 



Some problems in larval ecology related to the localized distribution of 

 bottom animals. In Perspectives in Marine Biology. A. A. Buzzati-Traverso 

 (ed.) . Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley: 87-103. 



Reference to Venus in this chapter is to the effect that larvae will live and 

 grow to setting under conditions in which oyster larvae die, attributed to 

 Davis (1953), abstracted elsewhere in this bibliography. In the discussion, 

 V. L. Loosanoff commented on the role of microorganisms in affecting water 

 quality, especially dinof lagellates, so that lamellibranch eggs and larvae 

 do not develop normally. He also remarked that glass containers, especially 

 soft glass , may contain toxic substances that do not leach out in a short 

 time. Washing containers in fresh water that has come through copper pipes, 

 or diluting seawater with such water, also causes problems. - J.L.M. 



2031 



Wilson, Ronald F., and A. Harry Brenowitz. 1966. 



A report on the ecology of Great South Bay and adjacent waters. Rept. to 

 Suffolk County Board of Supervisors, Adelphi Univ., Inst. Mar. Sci., 

 Oakdale, N.Y.,v+57 p. 



The dominant plant prior to 1931 was Zostera marina. Its disappearance in 

 19 31 was accompanied by reduction or total disappearance of one-third of the 

 animal species. Mercenaria mercenaria is not mentioned specifically, but it 

 is stated that phytoplankton blooms were accompanied by a decrease in quality 

 and quantity of shellfish. By 1932 99% of the eelgrass had disappeared. 

 Eelgrass was extremely scarce in 1854 and 1894 also, although not nearly as 

 scarce as in 1932. In the last few years (1950s and 1960s ?) eelgrass 

 returned in abundance. In water less than 6 ft deep the average dry weight 

 of grass was about 8 tons/acre. Drifting grass was now a problem. In the 

 period prior to 1931 the same conditions existed, but in those days loose 

 grass drifted onto marshes, where it bothered none, whereas now the marshes 

 have been filled and developed in many places where now stranded eelgrass is 

 considered a nuisance. Oxygen budget and total biological activity in the 

 1960s showed that the Bay was comparatively healthy and highly productive, 

 with a suggestion of superproductivity , perhaps caused by fertilization. 

 This contrasts with a study of the Carmans River area (Bellport Bay) , a 

 grossly disturbed system. Especially from Smith's Point eastward phosphate 

 is high in areas of duck farms. In Aug 1965 high nutrient levels had spread 

 throughout the Bay, coinciding with an algal bloom, probably Nannoehloris . 

 Such blooms had not occurred in Great South Bay for several yrs prior to 

 1965. The bloom coincided with general mixing of water of high phosphate 

 throughout the entire Bay system, traced to duck farms. It cleared up in 

 spring 1966. Experiments showed that filtered Bay water inoculated with 

 "small forms" would not support growth of additional numbers, but if as 

 little as 1% of duck wastes were added a bloom developed. - J.L.M. 



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