to a high of $15.24 (erroneously given as $114.32) in 1975, an almost threefold 

 increase in value. Depuration would be feasible at any combination of ex-vessel 

 and wholesale prices. However, pollution from heavy metals, petrochemicals, 

 and hydrocarbons is also present, and depuration does not have any effect on 

 these pollutants. Further research is needed on pollutants in Narragansett 

 Bay and their effects on the quahog and on humans. If the problem of heavy 

 metals, hydrocarbons, and other pollutants cannot be solved, investments in 

 alternative methods of preserving the quahog resource, such as a transplant 

 program or aquaculture, should be investigated. - J.L.M. 



2069 



Zaroogian, Gerald E. , Gerald Pesch, and George Morrison. 1969. 



Formulation of an artificial sea water media (sic) suitable for oyster larvae 

 development. Am. Zool. 9(4): 1144. 



Mereenaria mereenaria is not mentioned, but from the context of the paper in 

 which the reference was found the formulation is satisfactory also for hard 

 clam. It is made up from the following reagent-grade chemicals: NaCl 2 3.5 g; 

 MgCl2-6H20, 5.0 g; Na 2 SC>4, 4.0 g; CaCl2.2H20, 1.1 g; KC1, 0.7 g; KBr , 0.1 g; 

 H3BO3, 0.03 g',- Na2Si03.9H20, 0.02 g; SrCl2.6H20, 0.02 g; NaF, 0.003 g; NaHC03 , 

 0.2 g; EDTA (tetra-Na-salt) , 0.001 g. Dissolve in one liter of water. If 

 needed adjust pH to 8.0 with concentrated solutions of reagent-grade NaHCC>3 in 

 distilled water, and bring salinity to 22°/oo (or desired salinity) with 

 distilled water. Fertilized eggs of Crassostrea virginica developed 

 identically with others in natural seawater at the same salinity, pH, and 

 temp. Additional trace elements were not essential for normal development, 

 and in presence of EDTA vitamin mixtures were unnecessary. Presence of a 

 product such as EDTA, capable of interaction with inorganic elements of the 

 formulation, is essential for normal development of larvae. - J.L.M. 



2070 



Zink, Robert M. 1953. 



Certain aspects of the ecology of Venus and My a at Morgan Bay and at Bunganuc, 

 Maine. Rept. State Geologist, Augusta, Me. 1951-1952: 71-115, 8 maps. 



V. mereenaria and M. arenaria can live in the same general area, but each 

 lives in a different type of sediment. At Morgan Bay commercial quantities 

 of Venus live in a large expanse of homogeneous, soupy, clayey silt, but only 

 a few My a near high tide in a pebbly sand containing boulders and cobbles. 

 At Bunganuc both species are in commercial quantities, although Venus is more 

 abundant. Venus live in all the different types of littoral sediment, but 

 My a live at high tide and only in homogeneous blue marine clay, with or 

 without a thin covering of soupy, clayey silt. Many Venus at Bunganuc live 

 in a concentration known as the "seedbed". Overcrowding causes stunting, and 

 many die in winter because they are not fully buried, and are unprotected 

 against extreme low temps. Most mortality occurs on bottom ridges rather than 

 in depressions. Venus appeared to be able to live in a more acid sediment 

 than My a. Winter digging increases mortality in the seedbed because jarring 

 tears frozen tissues and more clams are exposed to freezing. Winter mortality 

 of Venus can be reduced by transplanting to areas where they are protected by 

 a layer of water. This also increases growth. The two areas are different 

 geologically. - J.L.M. 



2071 



Zinn, Donald J. 1971. 



The impacts of oil on the east coast. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 36: 188-206. 



The West Falmouth, Mass. oil spill of Sept 1969 produced pollution of the sea 

 bottom which was still spreading 10 months later. It presently covered at 

 least 5,000 acres of bottom offshore and 500 acres of marshes and tidal rivers. 

 Oil was incorporated into subtidal sediments down to 42 feet of water. 

 Bacterial degradation was slow and still negligible in the most heavily 

 polluted areas. More rapid degradation in less affected areas was being 

 reversed by influx of oil from more polluted regions. Kill of bottom plants 



574 



