and animals reduced the stability of marshland and sea bottom, leading to 

 increased erosion and perhaps spread of bottom pollution. In the most 

 polluted areas the kill of animals was almost total, while outside the 

 affected area bottom fauna were normal and healthy. Oil was incorporated into 

 quahogs and other shell- and finfishes. The area had to be closed to shell- 

 fishing. The 1970 shellfish crop was as heavily contaminated as in 1969, and 

 the area closed would have to be extended. All crude oils, and all except 

 highly purified oil products, are toxic to all marine organisms. In addition 

 to outright mortality, oils reduce resistance of marine animals to stress and 

 may cause reproductive failure. Precise estimates of economic losses to the 

 clam and other shellfish industries were not possible. - J.L.M. 



2072 



Zinn, Donald J. 



1973. 



Quahog - queen of the mudflats. Mari times, Nov. 1973: 4-7. 



A popular article. Gives distribution, the reason for the name, and the 

 various common names used along the coast. The environment is usually just 

 subtidal or near the lower limit of the intertidal area, and in water of 

 reduced salinity, which keeps down populations of predators. The various 

 methods of harvesting are described. Rakers and tongers have argued that 

 dredgers damage the bottom, but the evidence does not support this. Laws 

 limiting the take of resident amateurs, placing a minimum size on clams, 

 and prohibiting taking of clams from polluted areas, are enforced. Oil 

 is detrimental to hard clam and causes mortality. Quahogs from areas 

 polluted by domestic sewage can be purified by transplanting to clean areas. 

 Anatomy of the quahog is reviewed. The current of water through the clam 

 is strongest at about 22°C and stops at below 5°C when a sort of hibernation 

 occurs. Spawning occurs when water temp rises to about 21°C and an individ- 

 ual may spawn more than one time during the season. By the third summer it 

 matures to legal size. Two species may be mistaken for the hard clam, 

 M. M. notata, which has zigzag lines on the shell and lacks the purple bor- 

 der, and Pitar morrhuana, which is smaller, the inside of the shell is 

 bluish and never has a purple spot, and has a bitter taste. Recipes are 

 included for stuffed clams and Manhattan clam chowder. - J.L.M. 



2073 



ZoBell, Claude E., and Catharine 3. Feltham. 1937-8. 



Bacteria as food for certain marine invertebrates. J. Mar. 

 312-327. 



Research 1(4): 



Mercenavia (Venus) mevcenav-ia is not mentioned. - M.W.S. 



2074 



Zoellner, David R. 



1977. 



Water quality and molluscan shellfish: An overview of the problems and the 

 nature of appropriate federal laws. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA, Natl. Mar. 

 Fish. Serv. , Washington, D.C.,x+106 p., appendices A to D. 



The report reviews in general problems of the United States shellfish 

 industry. Appendix A includes case studies of Great South Bay, N.Y., Raritan 

 Bay and the New Jersey coast, and Virginia, which have a bearing on the hard 

 clam industry. (Abstracter's note: this was part of a study, popularly 

 called the Baughmann study, called for under the Coastal Zone Management Act 

 Amendments of 1976 (PL94-370) , to review all aspects of the shellfish 

 industry to determine if additional regulations should be imposed upon that 

 industry by the Food and Drug Administration.) - J.L.M. 



575 



