2208 



Scott, Geoffrey I . , and Winona B. Vernberg. 1979. 



Seasonal effects of chlorine produced oxidants on the growth, survival and 

 physiology of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginiea (Gmenlin) . In 

 Marine Pollution: Functional Responses. Winona B. Vernberg, Frederick P. 

 Thurberg, Anthony Calabrese, and F. John Vernberg (eds.) . Academic Press, 

 New York: 415-435. 



Exposure to chlorination for 48 hrs is very toxic to Mereenaria mereenaria 

 larvae. The 4 8 hr EC 50 was less than 0.006 mg/liter for larval clams. 

 (Abstracter's note: Gmenlin in the title is a misprint for GmelinJ - J.L.M. 



2209 



Shumway, Sandra E. 1977. 



The effect of fluctuating salinity on the tissue water content of eight 

 species of bivalve molluscs. J. Comp. Physiol. -B 116(3): 269-285. 



Normal Mereenaria mereenaria showed no significant changes in tissue water 



level when exposed either to a gradual or an abrupt change in salinity. 



Wedged-open specimens showed greater changes in tissue water content than 

 normal animals. - J.L.M. 



2210 



Sica, D. 1980. 



Sterols from some molluscs. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65B(2): 407-410. 



Species examined were Purpura haemastoma and Murex truneulus , both gastropods, 

 and Loligo vulgaris , a cephalopod. Mereenaria mereenaria was not included. 

 - J.L.M." 



2211 



Simkiss, K. 1976. 



Intracellular and extracellular routes in biomineralization. In Calcium 

 in Biological Systems. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology XXX, 

 Cambridge Univ. Press, London: 423-444. 



In the clam Mereenaria mereenaria there are small calcium-rich granules in 

 intercellular spaces and in microvilli and apical cytoplasm of mantle cells 

 (Neff 1972). Calcium ions move across this tissue towards the shell, 

 during calcification, and away from the shell during periods of anaerobic 

 acidosis. Evidence from studies on Mereenaria suggests that granules present 

 in intercellular spaces could influence the composition of extracellular 

 fluids. - J.L.M. 



2212 



Simkiss, K. 1976. 



Cellular aspects of calcification. In The Mechanisms of Mineralization in 

 the Invertebrates and Plants. Norimitsu Watabe and Karl M. Wilbur (eds.). 

 The Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 5, Univ. South Carolina 

 Press, Columbia, S.C.: 1-31. 



The inorganic components of the extrapallial fluid of Mereenaria mereenaria 

 in meq/liter were: Na 444, K 9.6, Ca 23.6, Mg 120, CI 472, SO, 46.1, C0 2 

 5.2nuV,and pH 7.33; in dialyzed M. mereenaria they were: Na 427, K 9.0, 

 Ca 20.3, Mg 110, CI 492. Comparisons of extrapallial and blood pH values 

 were: extrapallial fluid 7.37 to 7.33, blood 7.52; valves closed and calci- 

 fication occurring: extrapallial fluid 7.0 to 7.2, blood 7.52; in other 

 words the extrapallial fluid is slightly more acidic than blood. In M. 

 mereenaria, Neff (1972) has demonstrated the presence of microgranules in 

 the intercellular space of the mantle cells. The intercellular space opens 

 by a leaky junction onto the epithelial surface associated with mineraliza- 

 tion. The granules are only 100 to 200 A in size and thus likely to have 

 abnormally high solubility characteristics. It is easy to envisage how 



614 



