2223 



Terry, Orville W. 1977. 



Aquaculture. MESA New York Bight Atlas Monograph 17, New York Sea Grant 

 Institute, Albany, N.Y., 36 p. 



Hard clams, Meroenaria meroenaria, are being cultured commercially on Long 

 Island, N.Y. Present culture of hard clam is being built around hatchery 

 technology. Bivalve hatchery technology is still in a state of flux, and 

 costs are an ever present problem. The author, however, is optimistic 

 about the final result. - J.L.M. 



2224 



Travis, Dorothy F.,and Mary Gonsalves. 1969. 



Comparative ultrastructure and organization of the prismatic region of two 

 bivalves and its possible relation to the chemical mechanism of boring. 

 Am. Zool. 9(3) : 635-661. 



The structural components of the organic matrixes of the prismatic and 

 nacreous layers in at least three bivalves, Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea 

 virginioa, and Meroenaria meroenaria, are similar. The framework of the 

 organic matrix in mussel and oyster, and presumably also clam, which fails 

 to mineralize in these heavily calcified, molluscan substrates, may provide 

 the primary rather than the secondary source of chemical attack during 

 boring, for once the sheaths and compartments surrounding the crystals are 

 broken down or solubilized, the crystals are themselves loosened and freed 

 for mechanical removal by shell-penetrating organisms. Only mussel and 

 oyster are discussed here, but presumably Meroenaria is much the same, and 

 the excellent drawings show the details. - J.L.M. 



2225 



Travis, Dorothy F., Camille J. Francois, Laurence C. Bonar, and Melvin J. 

 Glimcher. 1967. 



Comparative studies of the organic matrices of invertebrate mineralized 

 tissues. J. Ultrastructure Research 18(5-6): 519-550. 



The shell proteins of Meroenaria meroenaria were distinguished by their 

 relatively high concentrations of aspartic acid, serine, proline, and gly- 

 cine, which together accounted for roughly 50% of the total amino acid 

 residues. Except for the collagens and enamel proteins, the concentrations 

 of proline (10 to 12%) in these proteins is among the highest reported. As 

 with the other molluscan shell protein, the absence of hydroxyproline and 

 the X-ray diffraction data are consistent with the electron microscopic 

 findings that collagen represents only a very minor matrix constituent. 



- J.L.M. 



2226 



Voogt, P. A. 1972. 



Lipid and sterol components and metabolism in mollusca. In Chemical 

 Zoology. VII. Mollusca. Marcel Florkin and Bradley T. Scheer (eds.) , 

 Academic Press, New York: 245-300. 



Quin (1965) mentions the occurrence of aminoethylphosphonic acid in Venus 

 meroenaria. Rapport and Alonzo (1960) showed the presence of plasmalogens 

 to rather high values in Venus meroenaria. They also showed that only a 

 small portion of total plasmalogens occurs in the choline-containing lipids. 



- J.L.M. 



2227 



Weiner, S., H. A. Lowenstam, and L. Hood. 1977. 



Discrete molecular weight components of the organic matrices of mollusc 

 shells. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 30(1): 45-51. 



Discrete molecular weight components account for only a small part of the 

 protein content of the soluble fraction. For example, discrete molecular 



617 



