and steelhead trout, S. gairdneri. The other species: 

 chum, 0. keta, pink, 0. gorbusha, sockeye, 0. nerka, and 

 cherry, 0. masu, salmon, and sea-run cutthroat trout, S. 

 clarki, are presently reared on a limited basis and are in- 

 cluded only if they were raised in the region being con- 

 sidered. 



We have further divided chinook salmon into three 

 races (spring, summer, and fall) and steelhead trout into 

 two races (summer and winter). These designations are 

 commonly used by all fisheries agencies rearing anadro- 

 mous salmonids and are based for the most part on the 

 season during which the adult fish return to freshwater. 

 Rearing periods differ among the races of chinook 

 salmon. 



Releases of fish included in Wahle et al. (1975) were 

 divided into two categories: migrants and submigrants. 

 This was done to separate production releases from those 

 necessitated by reducing numbers of fish to achieve 

 "optimum" pond capacity levels. The definitions used 

 were based on the best available knowledge of the ideal 

 size at release for obtaining the greatest immediate sea- 

 ward migration, but were not used as hard and fast rules. 

 Exceptions were made in special cases if it was felt that a 

 group of fish belonged in a different category than indi- 

 cated by the definition. 



The migrant and submigrant classifications used in 

 this report should not be confused with the terms "fry," 

 "fingerling," and "yearling" that we have included in the 

 various history sections. "Fry" normally refers to fish re- 

 leased without any rearing, as soon as the yolk sac has 

 been absorbed. "Fingerlings" can refer to any number of 

 different sizes depending on the author and the species. 

 Often "fry" and "fingerlings" refer to fish we would call 

 submigrants. "Yearlings" in the historical literature 

 normally refers to fish reared for a year in the hatchery 

 before release. Depending on species, we might call these 

 fish migrants. 



As reported by Wahle et al. (1975), our definitions of 

 migrants for each species are: 



Spring and summer chinook salmon — those released 



after 12 mo of rearing or larger than 30/lb (15.1 g/fish). 

 Fall chinook salmon — those released after 90 days of 



rearing or larger than 300/lb (1.5 g/fish). 

 Coho salmon — those released after 12 mo of rearing or 



larger than 30/lb (15.1 g/fish). 

 Pink and chum salmon— those released after any period 



of feeding at the rearing facility. 

 Steelhead and sea-run cutthroat trout— those released 



after 12 mo of rearing or larger than 10/lb (45.4 g/fish). 



Migrant criteria for sockeye and cherry salmon were not 

 presented in Wahle et al. (1975). For those species, we 

 have relied on the hatcheries or agencies involved to indi- 

 cate whether each release was migrant in nature. 



We define submigrants as those releases that do not 

 meet migrant specifications. In the case of pink and 

 chum salmon, submigrants would be any unfed fry 

 released. 



Data for this report was obtained from Wahle et al. 

 (1975) and the appropriate State, Federal, and Canadian 

 fishery management agencies. 



HISTORY 



Artificial propagation of salmonids began in North 

 America in the mid-1800's. Theodatus Garlick of Cleve- 

 land, Ohio, in conjunction with H. A. Ackley, Success- 

 fully artificially bred brook trout, Saluelinus fontinalis 

 (Milner 1874). The first hatchery in North America was 

 established by Seth Green at Mumford, N.Y., in 1864, 

 and the first anadromous fish hatchery was built in New 

 Castle, Canada, in 1866 for the purpose of taking Atlan- 

 tic salmon, Salmo salar, eggs (Atkins 1874). 



In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, efforts were 

 made by Federal and various State commissions to intro- 

 duce Pacific coast salmon into eastern waters. In 1872, 

 Livingston Stone was sent to California by the U.S. Com- 

 mission of Fish and Fisheries to obtain salmon eggs for 

 shipment to the east coast. He established the first Pacif- 

 ic fish cultural station in 1872 on the McCloud River, 

 named after the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Spencer 

 F. Baird. While the main purpose of this station was the 

 shipment of eggs east, the Commission made a coopera- 

 tive agreement with the State of California in which the 

 State furnished part of the operating expense money in 

 return for the station's releasing native fingerlings into 

 the McCloud River. Eggs taken for shipment were kept 

 in baskets at the hatchery until the eyes of the embryo 

 were visible. They were then packed in moss, crated, and 

 taken by stagecoach to Red Bluff, Calif. From there, they 

 traveled by train to San Francisco and then on to the east 

 coast. To assure the survival of the eggs, it was necessary 

 to continually dampen the moss in which they were 

 packed. In the first year of operation, 50,000 eggs were 

 taken, but 20,000 were lost due to difficulties experienced 

 in keeping the eggs cool prior to shipment. The re- 

 maining 30,000 eggs were shipped east and from these 

 7,000 fry were planted in Pennsylvania's Susquehanna 

 River (Stone 1874). 



Before the attempts to transplant Pacific salmon to 

 the eastern United States were discontinued, Pacific 

 coast salmon had been planted in a large number of ma- 

 jor streams on the Atlantic coast, in the Mississippi 

 drainage, and in the Great Lakes. Some of these trans- 

 plants were moderately successful. From approximately 

 10,000 chinook salmon fingerlings planted in Lake 

 Quinsigamond, Mass., 600 fish weighing between 0.68 

 and 2.27 kg were caught. Early plants of pink salmon in 

 selected New England streams also met with some suc- 

 cess. A female pink salmon weighing approximately 1.9 

 kg was taken in the Penobscot River. Most of these trans- 

 plants resulted in failures as the selected waters were 

 either too warm or too turbid for salmon to survive. The 

 few runs that did become established either had so few 

 returnees that they were not self sustaining or fishermen 

 caught all the fish (Cobb 1931). 



These early efforts at transplanting fish created a large 

 demand for eggs. This demand resulted in construction 



