Table 17.— Anadromous fish rearing facilities— Columbia Basin-Idaho. 1960-76. 









Species 



Anadromous 









General 



Operating 



reared during 



releases 



Year anadromous 





Facility 



location 



agency ' 



year span 2 



in 1976 



operation began 



Funding agency 1 



Hatcheries 















Dworshak 



Orofino 



USFWS 



sh 



Yes 



1969 



USFWS, Corps 



Eagle 



Boise 



IDFG 



smc 



Yes 



1976 



IDFG 



Hagerman 



Hagerman 



IDFG 



smc, sh (sc) 



Yes 



1969 



IDFG 



Hayden Creek 



Salmon 



IDFG 



sc, sh 



Yes 



1973 



NMFS, IDFG, USFWS 



Kooskia 



Kooskia 



USFWS 



sc 



Yes 



1966 



USFWS 



MacKay 



MacKay 



IDFG 



smc 



Yes 



1976 



NMFS 



McCall 



McCall 



IDFG 



smc 



Yes 



1976 



IDFG, PNRC 



Mullen 



Mullen 



IDFG 



sc 



Yes 



1976 



IDFG 



Niagara Springs 



Buhl 



IDFG 



sh 



Yes 



1966 



Idaho Power Co. 



Oxbow 



Oxbow Dam 



IDFG 



fc 



No 



1964 



Idaho Power Co. 



Pahsimeroi 



Challis 



IDFG 



smc, sh 



Yes 



1970 



IDFG, NMFS 



Rapid River 



Riggins 



IDFG 



sc 



Yes 



1964 



Idaho Power Co. 



Sandpoint 



Sandpoint 



IDFG 



sc 



Yes 



1972 



IDFG, NMFS 



Ponds 















Decker Flats 



Stanley 



IDFG 



sc 



No 



1968 



USFWS, NMFS, IDFG 



USFWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Corps = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, IDFG = Idaho Department of Fish 

 and Game, NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service, PNRC = Pacific Northwest Regional Commission. 



'fc = fall chinook salmon, sc = spring chinook salmon, smc = summer chinook salmon, sh = steelhead trout (minor 

 species in parentheses). 



salmon, and winter steelhead trout, respectively. Sum- 

 mer steelhead trout and spring chinook salmon also ac- 

 counted for a substantial number of releases. The first 

 three represented 52 c ™c, 19^, and 139c of the migrant 

 numbers released (Table 23). 



There are also two private fish cultural operations ac- 

 tive on the coast. They are a part of a new concept in 

 commercial rearing of salmon by private companies 

 termed "ocean ranching." Ocean ranching consists of 

 raising fish to migrant size, releasing them into the 

 ocean, and recovering returning adults. In Oregon, these 

 returnees can then be sold commercially, hopefully at a 

 profit, by the company. The enterprises are licensed by 

 ODFW and must receive their initial egg supply from 

 hatchery excesses at the State hatcheries. After their 

 returns reach a sufficient number, the private hatcher- 

 ies will be able to secure their own eggs without having to 

 depend on the State. The primary species to be raised at 

 these private facilities will be chinook, coho, and chum 

 salmon. 



California 



Anadromous salmonid production on the Pacific coast 

 began in California in 1872 with the activities of Living- 

 ston Stone. The Federally operated fish hatchery he built 

 on the McCloud River was first used solely as a collection 

 site for eggs to be shipped to the east coast. After several 

 years, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries cooperated with the 

 State in egg shipments and fry releases in local streams 

 to augment natural spawning. The first State operated 

 salmon hatchery was authorized and constructed in 1885 

 on Hat Creek, a tributary of the Pit River. The local 

 source of chinook salmon eggs proved inadequate so oper- 

 ations were transferred in 1888 to the newly constructed 

 Mt. Shasta Hatchery on a site near Sisson in Siskiyou 

 County. This station is still in full-scale operation pro- 



ducing rainbow trout, making it the oldest functional 

 hatchery on the west coast (Leitritz 1970). 



Up to the 1920's, many State and Federal hatcheries 

 were built in northern California on the Klamath and 

 Sacramento Rivers and their tributaries. There were also 

 hatcheries on coastal tributaries such as the Eel, Rus- 

 sian, and Mad Rivers. A hatchery operated by the county 

 of Santa Cruz at Brookdale was the most southerly loca- 

 tion of early fish cultural operations. 



Plants from these early hatcheries were made through- 

 out the Sacramento and Klamath River drainages and 

 most northern coastal streams. Some releases were made 

 as far south as the Ventura River, south of Santa Bar- 

 bara. While the majority of these fish were fall chinook 

 salmon, the State hatcheries also liberated a few coho 

 salmon fry. In 1902, the State hatcheries began a sub- 

 stantial steelhead trout program. As fish propagation 

 was a cooperative effort between the Federal and State 

 governments, the Federal hatcheries supplied a large 

 portion of the eggs that State hatcheries reared for 

 release. In 1914, the Federal installations began to artifi- 

 cially feed the small fall chinook salmon and release 

 them as fingerlings or yearlings rather than planting 

 them as unfed fry. This followed the example set by R. D. 

 Hume in Oregon. 



In 1976, 1 Federal, 10 State, and 2 private hatcheries 

 and ponds were operated in California (Table 24) . Of the 

 13, 6 are on tributaries of the Sacramento River (Fig. 11). 

 Fall chinook salmon, coho salmon, and winter steelhead 

 trout are the three primary species reared in California, 

 but the hatcheries are also undertaking spring chinook 

 salmon and summer steelhead trout programs (Table 

 25). 



As shown in the "Funding Agency" column of Table 

 22, over one-half of the hatcheries and ponds are either 

 partially or wholly supported by organizations other than 

 the California Department of Fish and Game. While 



22 



