Roppel et al. (1965a: 15-21) published a summary of pup 

 population estimates through 1964. We give below data for the 

 most recent year (totals for both sexes and both Pribilof 

 Islands): 



1. Based on counts of tags and tag-lost scars in the kill of 

 males; numbers alive at time of tagging in 1962 372,882. 



la. Ditto, in the kill of females 158,881. 



2. Based on the ratio of sheared to unsheared live pups on 

 sample plots; numbers alive at time of shearing in 1964 

 328,000. 



3. Based on counts of live pups on sample plots, with the 

 "average harem" method; numbers alive at time of count in 

 1964 285,000. 



Methods of predicting the male harvest were first discussed 

 in 1959. By 1964 the following methods were in use (Chapman 

 1965): Method 1) Based on the average relationship between 

 the 4-yr kill and the 3-yr kill. Method 2) Based on the average 

 relationship between St. Paul Island temperature during the 

 gestation year and the survival of seals to killable age. Method 

 3) Based on the strength of the yearling class (as estimated 

 from tag returns) and the survival of yearlings to killable age. 



In the pelagic fur seal investigations of 1964, a 5-yr-old male 

 was collected on the Farallon grounds, the oldest male col- 

 lected to date in California waters (Fiscus and Kajimura 

 1965:9). 



Fiscus and Kajimura (1965:16) concluded, from study of 

 1958-64 data, that the first fetus carried by a seal is more often 

 in the left horn than in the right. The difference is slight, from 

 1 to 5% in favor of the left horn. 



Keyes ( 1965: 1-1 1"**) picked up dead seal pups almost daily 

 in July and August 1964 from a sample plot on Reef and 

 autopsied 109. Malnutrition was the primary cause of death in 

 38% of the pups; injury in 17%; gastrointestinal and 

 miscellaneous infection in 16%; other (and undetermined) in 

 18%; hookworm anemia in 12%. 



He examined the stomachs of 336 seals taken at sea in 1964 

 and found ascarids in all but 4. In a subsample of 54 yearlings 

 and 2-yr-olds, he found up to 480 worms per stomach. 



Keyes applied a new kind of marker: a plastic tag on a 

 stainless wire loop threaded through the nape skin of pups. He 

 found that the insertion wound did not heal. 



He obtained packed cell volume (hematocrit) values ranging 

 from 18.5 to 50.5 in the blood of bachelors. This was the first 

 attempt to establish normal values. 



LITERATURE CITED 



sents a document of 1,232 pages covering the period 1904 to 

 1911. For republished reports we give the year of republication 

 in parentheses, e.g., 1905 (1911). Many of the entries are cross 

 listed by agency and author. This enables the reader to further 

 identify a cross-listed publication by looking it up in the Gov- 

 ernment Document Catalog (in many libraries) and it intro- 

 duces authors who have contributed to fur seal history. 



Nongovernmental sources include scientific journals, such 

 as the Journal of Mammalogy, and books, such as Elliott's 

 Our Arctic Province. With the establishment of the U.S. Fish 

 and Wildlife Service in July 1940, a "marine mammal research 

 file" of manuscripts, field notes, photographs, punch cards, 

 and other unpublished material has grown in the Marine Mam- 

 mal Biological Laboratory, Seattle (at publication National 

 Marine Mammal Laboratory, NWAFC, NMFS, NOAA, Seat- 

 tle, WA 981 15). It is the main source of information on scien- 

 tific studies of the seal herd since 1940. 



Twelve Government documents which are perhaps better 

 known by title than by sponsoring organization are listed 

 below, each followed by its Literature Cited or Reference 

 designation: 



Alaska fur seals. Hearing before the Committee on Com- 

 merce . . . 



U.S. Congress, Senate, 1926. 

 Alaska seal-fisheries . . . 1876 



U.S. Congress, House, 1876a. 

 Alaska seal fisheries . . . 1905 



U.S. Congress, Senate, 1905b. 

 Alaskan seal fisheries . . . 1906 



U.S. Commerce and Labor Department, 1906. 

 Fur Seals of Alaska. Hearings before the Committee on Ways 

 and Means . . . 



U.S. Congress, House, 1904. 

 Fur seal arbitration . . . 



U.S. Congress, Senate, 1895. 

 Fur-seal and other fisheries of Alaska . . . 



U.S. Congress, House, 1889. 

 Fur seals and fur-seal islands of the North Pacific Ocean . . . 



U.S. Treasury Department, 1898—99. 

 Reports relating to Alaskan seal fisheries . . . 



U.S. Congress, Senate, 1908. 

 Reports ... in relation to the condition of seal life . . . 



U.S. Congress, Senate, 1896a. 

 Seal and salmon fisheries and general resources of Alaska . . . 



U.S. Congress, House, 1898. (4 parts) 

 Seal-fisheries in Alaska . . . 1876 



U.S. Congress, House, 1876b. 



Most of our historical sources are publications of those ex- 

 ecutive and legislative branches of the U.S. Government which 

 have been concerned with fur seal management. We have not 

 always been able to find original publications and first edi- 

 tions, especially for the years before 1911. Fortunately, Con- 

 gress has periodically ordered the republication of certain 

 literature on seals for the use of its committees. For example, 

 the entry "U.S. Congress, House 1911, Appendix A" repre- 



"Keyes, M. C. 1965. Research in fur seal mortality, St. Paul Island, Alaska. 

 6 July to 24 August 1964. Unpubl. manusrr., 48 p. Northwest and Alaska Fish. 

 Cent., Natl. Mar. Mammal Lab., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, 7600 Sand 

 Point Way NE., Seattle, WA 98115. 



ABEGGLEN, C. E., and A. Y. ROPPEL. 



1959. Fertility in the northern fur seal. J. Wildl. Manage. 23:75-81. 

 ALASKA HERALD. 



1869. The Alaska seal fisheries. Alaska Herald, San Francisco, 1(26):2 

 only (from the Hartford Courant, Dec. 30 [1868]). 



ALEXANDER, A. B. 



1898. Observations during a cruise on the Dora Siewerd, in August- 

 September, 1895. In Seal and salmon fisheries and general resources of 

 Alaska, Vol. 4, p. 573-600. U.S. Congress, House, 1898. [Also part 3, 

 p. 285-306. In The fur seals and fur-seal islands of the North Pacific 

 Ocean U.S. Treasury Dep. 1898-99.] 



ALLEN, J. A., and C. BRYANT. 



1870. On the eared seals (Otariadae), with detailed descriptions of the 

 North Pacific species, together with an account of the habits of the north- 



53 



