significant surveys and publications sum- 

 marize work done during this period. Where 

 practical, I showed the cruise data in chrono- 

 logical order, but in situations where a single 

 investigation involved cruises over a period 

 of several years I grouped these data. 



During the summers of 1930, 1931, and 1932, 

 the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey had four 

 vessels recharting Georges Bank. Using a 

 combination of radio signals and sound waves 

 produced by explosives, researchers ran 

 closely spaced, accurately located lines of 

 soundings. These soundings- are the basis of 

 the present day charts of the area. Collections 

 of bottom sediments were also obtained to 

 supplement the bathymetric observations, and 

 this abundance of new information permitted 

 a more well-grounded hypothesis to be for- 

 mulated on the origin of Georges Bank than 

 had been possible heretofore. Shepard, Tref- 

 ethen, and Cohee (1934) postulated that Georges 

 Bank owes its present form largely to glacia- 

 tion and that waves and currents removed 

 the finer material from the glacial till, leaving 

 a surface concentrate of sand and gravel. 



During 1931 and 1932, the [U.S.] Bureau of 

 Fisheries made surveys on the Albatross II 

 to study the early life history and abundance of 

 haddock on Georges Bank. Walford's report 

 (1938) on the relation of currents to the dis- 

 tribution and survival of haddock eggs and 

 larvae on Georges Bank is the only published 

 data concerning these surveys. He based his 

 paper on surveys made during March - June 

 1931 and April 1932 and included data on the 

 distribution and abundance of haddock eggs 

 and larvae collected in oblique 1-m. net tows, 

 the pattern of nontidal drift as determined 

 from drift bottles, and the distribution of 

 density. 



In 1930, the International Passamaquoddy 

 Fisheries Commission appointed a group of 

 experts to undertake an oceanographic investi- 

 gation of Passamaquoddy Bay and adjacent 

 waters in connection with the proposal to 

 install power dams across the mouths of 

 Passamaquoddy and Cobscook Bays. A study 

 was made in 1931 and 1932 to determine the 

 probable effect of the dams on the fisheries. 

 The area of observation extended from the 

 head of the Bay of Fundy to Massachusetts 

 Bay, to Browns Bank, and as far east as 

 Liverpool, Nova Scotia. The principal vessels 

 used in these surveys were the Biological 

 Board of Canada's Prince and Nova and the 

 [U.S.] Bureau of Fisheries vessel Pelican. 

 The results were published in a series of 

 eight papers concerning the hydrography, sar- 

 dine fishery, phytoplankton, and zooplankton 

 of the area. Gran and Braarud (1935) based 

 their report on phytoplankton on water bottle 

 samples at depths of 1, 10, 35, 40, and 75 m. 

 at 27 standard stations and included information 

 on the species composition and abundance of 

 phytoplankton, measurements of temperature. 



salinity, phosphate, nitrate, and oxygen, and 

 discussed the relation of turbulence and nu- 

 trients to the productivity of the area. They 

 concluded that the rate of increase in popula- 

 tion is a function of the ratio of the quantity 

 of organisms in the euphotic zone to the total 

 population. Graham's paper (1936) on the 

 fishery describes the commercial sardine 

 fishery and its catch statistics, analyzes 

 the distribution of fry based on Peterson-net 

 and meter-net hauls, and discusses the dis- 

 tribution and movements of sardine herring 

 in relation to the physical and biological 

 environment. Watson (1936) based his report 

 on physical oceanography onobservations made 

 exclusively in the Bay of Fundy and included 

 a detailed discussion of the tidal and nontidal 

 circulation and mixing processes as indicated 

 by temperature and salinity observations at 

 specific depths within this area. He demon- 

 strated that in stratified regions tidal mixing 

 causes an outflow of mixed water at an inter- 

 mediate depth with an inflow both at the 

 surface and bottom. In regions where a local 

 supply of fresh water is mixed with more 

 saline water, there is an outflow at the 

 surface and a compensating inflow at the 

 bottom only. 



Five papers were published on zooplankton. 

 The area of coverage included in these reports 

 was considerably greater than that for the 

 reports on the hydrography, fishery, and 

 phytoplankton, because collections of the 

 Albatross II in April 1932 and the Atlantis in 

 September 1932 were included. The collections 

 ■were made on the northern part of Georges 

 Bank, the southeastern part of the Gulf of 

 Maine, and off southern Nova Scotia. The data 

 are based on plankton pump samples at the 

 surface and 10, 30, and 50 m., l/2-m.-net 

 oblique tows from 50 m. to the surface, and 

 meter-net oblique tows from the bottom to 

 50 m. and from 50 m. to the surface. The 

 first three zooplankton papers concern the 

 biology of the three numerically dominant 

 species with special reference to production 

 and dispersal: Calanus finmarchicus (Fish, 

 1936a), Pseudo calanus minutus (Fish, 1936b), 

 and Oithona similis (Fish, 1936c). They pre- 

 sent data on the breeding seasons, number of 

 broods, growth rate, spawning areas, and 

 dispersal of eggs and larvae of these three 

 species. The fourth paper of the zooplankton 

 series (Fish and Johnson, 1937) considers the 

 zooplankton population (including fish eggs 

 and larvae) as a whole and describes the 

 abundance, species composition, source and 

 dispersal, recruitment, and relations of zoo- 

 plankton to the population of herring in the 

 Quoddy region. In the final paper, Fish (1955) 

 described the biology of the microcopepod 

 Microsetella norvegica . He presented data on 

 regional distribution and abundance of this 

 species, on the production and dispersal of 

 eggs and larvae, and on its role in the 



