552 INVESTIGATION OF THE FUR-SEAL INDUSTRY OF ALASKA. 



At page 19 of Zon's manuscript, which is page 360 of the Zapiski 

 article, occur these words: 



Some years in September young pups form large pods and congregate in special 

 places and lie so carelessly that they all can be driven off without leaving a single one 

 behind. Such pods are very advantageous for the trade, but are the most ruinous 

 for the increase of the herd. 



At page 26 of Zon's manuscript, which is page 364 of the Zapiski 

 article, occurs* the following : 



As soon as they are rested, the killing is begun with clubs. Small pups which were 

 born the same summer are killed without discrimination, both males and females. 



I showed from Mr. Elliott's translation that they killed cows and 

 young females. Here is a charge by Veniaminof that they killed 

 pups without discrimination, both males and females. 



The Chairman. Was that for food or commercial purposes ? 



Mr. Clark. Commercial purposes. 



Mr. Stephens. That is, the Russians did this killing? 



Mr. Clark. Yes, the Kussians did this killing. 



Mr. Stephens. In what years ? 



Mr. Clark. Prior to 1834. I am submitting it as evidence in 

 dispute of what is called an "indisputable fact" to the effect that 

 they did not kill females. 



On page 28 of Zon's manuscript, which is page 365 of the Zapiski 

 article, is this statement: 



After the drives, which often take place as many as three times in the same place, 

 the mother seals for several days roam around the shores, crying pitifully for their 

 young. 



Now, so much for the killing of females. 



As to disturbance of the females, I wish to cite this description of 

 the Russian methods of sealing, Zon's manuscript 23 (363) : 



After having chosen favorable weather and wind, irrespective of the time of day, 

 all inhabitants — men, women, and children — arm themselves with small clubs with 

 which they can kill seals, and walk in a line along the shore on which the seals are 

 lying. Having cut off their retreat to the sea, they drive all the seals, without dis- 

 crimination, inland. After having driven them some distance, they stop them, and 

 begin to separate mother seals and sikatchi, the latter very seldom present, from the 

 pups. The old mother seals, which have already been driven in this way, as soon as 

 they notice a passage to the sea, go by themselves, but the young mother seals can not 

 be driven from the herd at all where are found their young. Such, of necessity, are 

 driven to the very killing ground. When the killing of the seals begins, some of 

 these mother seals defend their children, and lie for a long time over the killed ones, 

 so that it is necessary to use force in order to drive them into the sea, 



The Chairman. They had the same habits then that they have 

 now? 



Mr. Clark. Yes. And all these animals, young and old, are 

 driven up in this heterogeneous mass, and then culled over; and I wish 

 I could draw a picture of the injury to mothers and young that must 

 have been done on the killing field. 



The Chairman. I wish you would follow the field in another 

 direction. 



Mr. McGuire. Were you through, Mr. Clark, with your statement 

 with respect to "indisputable fact Xo. 1" ? Have you covered that 

 point fully i 



Mr. Clark. Well, I submit that these two translations which I 

 have read disprove the alleged fact. That is all. But I wish also 



