14 J. H. Rivett-Carnac—Prehistoric Remains [No. 1, 
on the same side of the hill, 2. e., on the southern slope ; and the remains 
found within these tumuli are almost identical in character. 
SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE MARKS FOUND ON THE STONES AND THE 
“Cur Marks” oF THE Barrows In EvRore. 
There is yet a fourth and most remarkable circumstance which goes 
far to establish the identity of the remains found in Central India with the 
well-known prehistoric tumuli of Europe. This is the form of the “ cup- 
marks’ on the stones surrounding the tumuli, the existence of which on the 
Indian remains I was fortunate enough to be the first to discover. These 
cup-marks on the Junapani tumuli and similar markings in the Kumaon 
hills have already been noticed in my paper in the Rock markings in 
Kumaon (see the Journal of the Society for January 1877), but the sub- 
ject requires a brief notice in this place also. 
On the stone circles of England and Scotland are found a variety of 
* Archaic Sculpturings’” of various types. The most common of these are 
the cup-marks which are thus described by Sir James Simpson at page 2 of 
his work. i 
“ First type, single cups. The simplest type of these ancient stone 
and rock cuttings consists of incised, hollowed out depressions or cups, 
varying from an inch to three inches and more in diameter. For the 
most part these cup-cuttings are shallow, consequently their depth is 
usually far less than their diameter ; it is often not more than half an inch, 
and rarely exceeds an inch or an inch anda half. On the same stone or 
each surface they are commonly carved out of many different sizes. These 
cup excavations are, on the whole, usually more smooth and polished over 
their cut surfaces than the ring cuttings are. Sometimes they form the 
only sculpturings on the stone or rock, as on many Scottish monoliths, but 
more frequently they are found mixed up and intermingled with ring cut- 
tings. Among the sculptured rock surfaces, for instance, in Argyleshire, 
there are in one group at Auchuabreach thirty-nine or forty cup cuttings, 
and the same number of ring cuttings, and at Camber there are twenty- 
nine figures, namely, nine single cups, seven cups surrounded by single rings, 
and thirteen cups encircled by a series of concentric rings.” 
Now, although I had paid several visits to the barrows of Junapani 
and the neighbourhood and had noticed on the boulders small holes placed 
in lines, I had paid no particular attention to their existence. From their 
regularity and arrangement and general position on the top of the stones 
(Pl. V, fig. 1, 2,3), I was led to suppose that they were perhaps the work 
of the cowherds, who grazed their cattle in the neighbourhood, and that 
they were, perhaps, used for some game similar to that which commended 
the tri-junction boundary marks of the village lands to the attention of 
the village children, who, when I was in the Settlement Department, used 
