1879. ] in Central India. 13 
tery urns to the metal articles found within the barrows, it is to be noticed, 
that, both in England and in India, the arms and ornaments of the deceased 
were buried with him. Further, if the list of weapons given above, 
sketches of some of which accompany this paper (Pl. IV), be examined, it will 
be seen, that to nearly every single implement or ornament, found in India, 
an exact counterpart can be traced among the specimens dug out of simi- 
lar tumuli in Ireland, which are now in the Museum of the Royal Irish 
Academy in Dublin. 
As further evidence on this point and in support of the view expressed 
in an earlier paragraph that we had indeed the good fortune at Junapani 
to come upon the remains of some chieftain who had been buried centuries 
ago with his arms and horse-trappings, I would refer to the account 
in Bishop Tegnier’s Frithiof’s Saga of the ceremonies of the burial of 
king Ring, and of the barrow in which the body of the old king was 
laid, together with his charger and his arms. Professor Stephens of 
Copenhagen, whose translation of the poem is well known, was good 
enough to send me a copy of his work some years ago when he heard of our 
success at the Junapani barrows. And in the note to the word “ barrow,” 
which accompanies the text, is the following description of a tumulus and 
its contents discovered by Russian officers in the steppes of Tartary. This 
description, so exact is the resemblance in detail, might have been written 
of the opening of the Junapani barrow, with the exception that, there 
being no stone other than trap rock available within many miles of Nagpur, 
the Junapani tumulus contained no stone vault. 
“ Barrow (perhaps derived from Berg, hill), grave, mound, sepulchral 
heap, was a vast mass of earth and stones raised over the remains of a chief or 
warrior of renown. Commonly one or more timbered or walled chambers. 
protected the corpse from contact with the soil itself. Such barrows or 
cairns are found in Scandinavia and in the British Isles, Poland and 
Russia, especially in the steppes of Tartary. The borderers upon these 
deserts (near Tromsky) have for many years continued to dig for treasure 
deposited in these tumuli, and the Russian Court, being informed of these 
depredations, despatched an officer to open such of the tumuli as were too 
large for the marauding parties to undertake. He selected the barrow of 
largest dimensions, and a deep covering of earth and stones having been 
removed, the workman came to vaults. The centre and largest, containing 
the bones of the chief, was easily distinguished by the sword, spear, bow, 
quiver and arrow, which lay beside him. In the vault beyond him, toward 
which his feet lay, were his horse and bridle and stirrups.” 
The implements figured in Plate IV have been made over by me to 
Mr. Franks, F. 8. §., F. S. A., of the British Museum. 
We have then three very striking points of resemblance. In both 
countries the class of tumuli is the same; the barrows are always placed 
