184 R. C. Temple—Rough Notes on the Distribution of [No. 3, 
valley. The name I have given as Pungi has a very peculiar pronunciation 
like Pungai, and a similar sound is heard in Liandé Karéz, as if it were 
Lindai Karéz. The sound Néjoi is also peculiar in the o which is softened 
almost to the German 6, as if it were Nejéi. Khél-i-Akhund is also called 
KhéLi-Akhwand. Deh-i-Ndo is often called Nado-i-Deh or Navvi Deh 
= new town). Beyond the extremely guttural sound of the Pushtu con- 
sonants, heard in these words, there is little to be noticed but the following. 
Saifu-l-lah is pronounced often as Zaipullah, Zanghir Khan as Tanghir 
Khan, Khunsézai as Khunchazai.* 
There is considerable difficulty in discovering the name of a village} for 
the following reasons :—A village may be called by six different names by 
guides ; those thoroughly acquainted with the locality would recognise it by 
any one, others less well acquainted will only know it by some of them. Thus 
a village may be called (1) after the district or tract of land in which it is 
situated. Takht-i-pul is such a name, Mel Manda is another; villages ten 
miles apart are all called Takht-i-pul or Mel Manda, simply because they are 
situatedin the tracts so named. (2) It may be called after the section of the 
tribe which inhabits it, thus Barakzai ; (3) after the subdivision, thus Khun- 
sézai or Muhammadazai ; (4) after its late owner if recently dead ; (5) after 
its present owner ; thus Kala-i-Nur-uddin Khén merely means Nur-uddin 
Khan’s village and the owner’s is usually the proper name of a village ; (6) 
after its own name. ‘To give an example the village, marked Amin Kala on 
map No. 1, was named to me as Barakzai, *“Muhammadzai, Amin Kala and 
Latif Khan. Latif Khan is its present owner, Amin Khan was the late owner, 
Muhammadazai is the subdivision and Barakzai the section of the tribe in- 
habiting it. It will be easily seen that the more general of these terms are 
known at a distance, while the more specific ones only in the immediate 
neighbourhood of a village—and this is what one has to look out for in ask- 
ing the way on the march, especially as a guide or passing villager thinks he 
has done quite enough, when he has given any one of the names by which a 
village may be designated. Complicated as this system of nomenclature 
looks, it is natural enough ina country where the individual occupies such 
an important part in men’s minds, and nationality so little. It is not dif- 
cult to deal with in practice, after a slight knowledge of the country is ac- 
* Further back in the Pishin the same peculiarities are observable. Thus Arambi 
is pronounced almost as Arambae. Mt. Chapar is called Mt. Sapar and the Zhob valley 
the J6b valley. Awalia or Aulia is the name of a malik in the Pishin. 
+ Villages are also constantly changing their sites, which renders a survey, which 
is correct for a certain year, very far from being so afterwards. 
