108 R. C. Temple—Wotes on the Formation of the Country [No. 2, 
along the hills south of the Borai valley. In the Pass the country is 
wild, hilly and wooded. There is forest land to the south of the Pass and 
much grass. The hills are of limestone with much folded strata in which 
fossils abound. 
Sarghar Valley.—At first forest land is met with and then an open 
putt plain some 10 miles across : the soil is fertile. 
Trikh Kuram Pass—Country wild, hilly and much broken. The 
hills are apparently of limestone in which fossils and crystal abound. 
Gypsum crystals show themselves and often they are abundant. 
Dérama Valley ; Kutsa Valley—These are grassy upland plains much 
intersected by stony beds of torrents. 
Jarai Tang Pass.—This is a very stony, but short, passage through a 
hard limestone hill. 
Tsamaulang Valley.—Country, putt crossed by deep river channels, but 
stony in places. The valley is about, say, 40 miles long by about 7 broad. 
Hanokdi Pass.—The Pass is at first yery narrow with precipitous 
sides through a limestone hill; it then opens into a broader valley which 
is, say, half a mile wide, but full of low conical hills which in places appear to 
be formed of disintegrated white limestone, the rock being very friable. 
Sea-shells not fossilized, especially oysters, were found all through this 
Pass. Gypsum is abundant, so also are fossils. The hills are of soft lime- 
stone, the strata being horizontal. 
Jurndi Pass and Valley.—Hills of soft limestone. Country wild and 
lumpy, and it might be described as being one mass of testacean fossils 
in a good state of preservation. The same remark applies to the country 
from this point to the Indian plains, some 150 miles as the road goes. 
A series of parallel valleys seems to run from the Derama hills to the Jandh- 
ran hills, all more or less resembling each other. 
Béla Dhika.—This is an open valley with low rolling hills at the 
northern end. The general formation of the country seems to be of lime- 
stone of more or less hardness. 
Hén Pass.—In the Bila Dhaki Pass the rocks are hard limestone 
and precipitous with broken strata: in the Han Pass the strata are horiz- 
ontal and the rocks softer, and there is much loose earth and clay full of 
nummulites and testacean fossils of all descriptions. Infact, the whole, hills 
and country, is a mass of fossil remains. In the Han Pass the country is 
wild and lumpy. 
Chor Tarap Ravine.—The Chor Tarap ravine is curious. It is a sharply 
cut, narrow defile in a line of hills from 10 to 30 yards wide and, say, 200 
yards long. ‘The sides are full of fossils. 
Birkhan (properly Barkhém).—When once the Han Pass is crossed 
