MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION ON PUFFIN ISLAND. 47 
- Edward Forbes* himself, from his own work and a con- 
sideration of the observations of others, came to the 
conclusion that the subzones of his littoral zone (see above) 
are very well marked on the English coast, and can be 
distinguished by their characteristic plants and animals, as 
follows :—First two regions above half-tide mark (1) with 
Fucus canaliculatus, and the molluscs Littorina rudis and 
L. neritoides, and (2) with Lichina, Patella, Balanus, 
Mytilus edulis and incrusting nullipores; then a third 
and very prolific belt at half-tide (8) with Chylocladia 
articulata and Fucus nodosus, the molluscs Purpura, 
Inttorina littorea, Trochus umbilicatus, and the common 
sea-anemone; then a fourth above low-water mark (4) 
with Fucus serratus and the molluscs Littorina obtusata 
and T'rochus cinerarwus, and finally, just at low-water 
mark a series of four very narrow bands most readily 
distinguished by their sea-weeds, (5) that of Laurencia 
pinnatifida, (6) Conferva rupestris, (7) Chondrus crispus, 
and (8) Himanthalia lorea; this last being the most 
constant, and being followed by the upper edge of the 
Laminarian zone, containing Laminaria on rocky coasts 
and Zostera on sandy. 
Professor H. de Lacaze-Duthiers has defined on the 
shore at Roscoff, in Brittany, three zones, viz., (1) that of 
Fucus, (2) that of Himanthalia, and (8) that of Sargassum; 
and Professor Giard+ has shown that special series of 
Compound Ascidians inhabit these definite belts. 
About the same time Dr. Léon Vaillant{ occupied 
himself with this subject in the same region, on the 
* “The Natural History of the European Seas,” edited by Godwin-Austen, 
London, 1859, p. 93. 
+ Archives de Zoologie expér. et génér., t. i., 1872. 
£ Obsery. faites a St. Malo s. 1. zones litt. supér., Bull. Soc. Philomat., Paris, 
nouy. sér., t. vii., p. 144, 1870 ; and Remar. s. 1, zones litt., Soc. de Biologie 
Paris, 1872. 
