168 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



the tongue of the Chamaeleon is not an example of this 

 effect. 



The lobulated kidney of the Bear, composed of 56 

 sub-divisions, each having its artery, vein, and efferent 

 duct, is compared with the 10-lobular kidney of the Otter, 

 and contrasted with the superficially lobulated kidney of 

 the Porpoise and the newly-born human infant, which 

 are stated to be essentially parenchymatous. The figures 

 of Alopias vulpes are poor, but the description is accurate. 

 The boundaries of the different regions of the gut are 

 correctly defined, the distal limb of the stomach and the 

 extent of the duodenum and rectum being determined on 

 morphological criteria. The Parisians usually refer to 

 the work of their predecessors, but they appear to have 

 been unaware that the spiral valve had been already 

 described by Severini. They give a good account of the 

 heart and its valves, and note the backward extension of 

 the nerve of the lateral line. The anatomy of the 

 castoreum of the Beaver is accurately and minutely 

 explained. It is distinguished from the scent glands of 

 the Civet Cat, which are regarded as secondary sexual 

 characters. They establish that the castoreum is not a 

 reproductive gland, as formerly believed. Their only 

 failure of importance is to miss the smallest sub- 

 division of the second pair of glands, but on the other 

 hand they note the difference in structure between the 

 two sets of glands, and find also a difference in the 

 character of the secretion. They point out, both in the 

 Beaver and in the Civet Cat, that the contents of the 

 glands have been produced by the action of the gland 

 tissue on the blood — one of the earliest declarations of a 

 physiological doctrine of supreme importance. 



In the Seal they are again attracted by the lobulated 

 nature of the kidney, which, with its superficial plexus 



