170 TRANSACTIONS LIVEEPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



it is of course possible that the Parisians were mistaken 

 in their facts. 



The ancients were induced by the apparent affinity of 

 the Hedgehog and Porcupine to unite them under the one 

 genus of Echinus, but the Parisians, after anatomising 

 examples of both animals, conclude that they are 4 ' very 

 different," both as regards external characters and 

 internal organs. But they go further than that, for they 

 recognise the true affinity of the Porcupine with such 

 forms as the Hare and the Beaver, and the large 

 Rodent caecum of the Porcupine is contrasted with the 

 reduction of that organ in the Hedgehog. By ligaturing 

 the thoracic extremity of the azygos vein, and inflating it 

 backwards, they establish a posterior anastomosis with the 

 iliac vein, as in man — a point of detail we hardly expect 

 at this early period. The large glandular vesiculae 

 seminales of the Hedgehog, however, naturally overtax 

 their knowledge and experience, and they interpret them 

 as vascular organs for the elaboration of the blood before 

 it reaches the testes. 



The chapter on the Monkey only calls for comment 

 as regards the description of the laryngeal region. Its 

 close resemblance to the speaking larynx of the human 

 species is converted into an agreement so exact as to 

 emphasize dramatically the splendid isolation of man, and 

 to concentrate the philosophic genius of the company on 

 the happy but speechless monkey. They say : 'Tor the ape 

 is found provided by Nature of all these marvellous organs 

 of speech with so much exactness, that the very three 

 small muscles which do take their rise from the apophysis 

 styloides, are not wanting, altho this apophysis be 

 extreamly small. This particularitie do's likewise shew 

 that there is no reason to think that agents do performe 

 such and such actions, because they are found with organs 



