464 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



the foreshore to the east side of the Piel railway 

 embankment. These serve the population of Rampside 

 (about 150 altogether). They discharge well up the 

 beach. 



I do not think that any of these sewers can affect, 

 to a significant extent, the Eoosebeck mussel bed. Piel 

 Embankment and Roa Island form a barrier from the 

 mainland down to practically low water in the channel; 

 and there is a training wall, a rubble structure, the top 

 of which is just awash at high water of spring tides, 

 extending from Piel Embankment out to Eoulney Island, 

 while beyond Eoulney towards the S.S.E. the foreshore 

 is very high and stoney and continues the barrier still 

 further. The ebb tide running out from Barrow Channel 

 runs closely to Piel and Walney Islands, so that the 

 channel just at Walney Point is relatively very deep. 

 The ebbing tide from the more northern part of More- 

 cambe Bay runs down Ulverston Channel to the east of 

 the mussel bed, but unless the tide is greater than a 

 14 feet (Liverpool) tide the bed does not come adry. It 

 is for the most part, then, covered with water on the ebb 

 tide, so that the sewage reaching it — that from Ulverston 

 (7 miles away) and from Eampside — is enormously 

 diluted. When the bed does come adry the ebb tide 

 water, containing the Ulverston sewage in a state of 

 greatest concentration, then flows down Ulverston 

 Channel to the east of the bed and about half to three- 

 quarters of a mile distant. Now when the tide turns it 

 sets up Barrow Channel on the one hand, and to the east 

 of the mussel bed, over Mort Bank, on the other hand. 

 This flood continues for over half an hour while the 

 tide is still ebbing from the foreshore between the 

 mussel bed, and the mainland. When the flood tide does 

 begin to stream over the mussels it will indeed contain 



