12 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
‘In the last Balkan War there was an outbreak of 
cholera behind the Chataldja lines, where it is estimated 
18,000 cases occurred. It spread to the Bulgarian Army and 
then to those of Greece and Servia. In Europe, in 1914, 
cholera prevailed in Russia ; in Hungary in no fewer than 53 
different centres; in Austria in 39 centres; in Germany in 10; 
and in Turkey in 2. In Asiatic Turkey there were two centres 
on the Black Sea.” * 
From December 27, 1914 to September 18, 1915, there 
have been 27,591 cases of cholera with 15,270 deaths in 
Austria-Hungary. The disease attained epidemic proportions 
in Galicia only ; civilians have been mainly infected” + 
The British Government sent out experts last year to 
study the special types of cholera microbes in Servia in order 
to prepare vaccines. All British nurses going to Servia 
last year were obliged to be vaccinated against cholera; I 
myself vaccinated one nurse who had previously received 
vaccinations against small-pox, typhoid and tetanus. She 
appeared to enjoy them. If the British troops fight in the 
Balkans, they will be protected against cholera by means of 
vaccination. 
DYSENTERY. - 
Dysentery, an intestinal disorder quite distinct from 
typhoid, is a terrible disease in war. During the South 
African War there were 38,108 cases of dysentery. In her war 
with China, Japan had 155,104 cases of dysentery with 38,000 
deaths.§ A very large proportion of the 78,000 troops 
* Simpson, Lancet, 1915, Vol. I, p. 741. 
+ Brit. Med. Journ., 1915, Vol. II, p. 761. 
t Cholera vaccine is now used extensively for our troops in the Eastern 
Mediterranean (June, 1916). 
§ Chadwick lectures, Lancet, 1915, Vol. I, p. 195. 
