BACTERIOLOGY AND THE WAR. 3) 
removed owing to sickness from the Gallipoli Peninsula were 
suffering from dysentery. 
This disease is produced by at least three types of 
dysentery bacilli, and also by at least one, probably two 
or more kinds of animal parasites, an amoeba and certain 
flagellate organisms. The disease is spread mainly by drinking 
infected water, but also by flies and personal contact. The 
Turkish trenches are infected with it. An invalid soldier told 
me the other day that the flies there were so numerous that 
it was necessary to wave in the air every mouthful of food 
before eating it in order to avoid swallowing flies. As at the 
siege of Lucknow, there is an “infinite torment of flies.” 
Unfortunately, the brilliant results which have been 
achieved in the case of typhoid in the present campaign by 
protective vaccination are impossible in dysentery, partly 
because this disease is produced by so many different kinds 
of living organisms. 
Enteric FEever, i.e., TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID FEVER. 
The typhoid bacillus is a rod-shaped microbe, discovered 
by a German in 1880. The paratyphoid bacilli, for there are 
at least two varieties, were discovered about twenty years later. 
Typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli are motile organisms swim- 
ming by means of flagella; they are distinguished from one 
another by certain delicate chemical tests. The former 
produces the well known typhoid fever which has a mortality 
of from five to twenty per cent., the latter produce a disease 
resembling mild typhoid with a mortality under five per 
cent. Typhoid is very common among civilians in Great 
Britain, and paratyphoid is rare. Typhoid has been an 
exceedingly deadly war disease in all campaigns except the 
present. Its place has been taken to a large extent by 
