BACTERIOLOGY AND THE WAR. uv). 
Most people who smoke are ill after their first pipe. An old 
toper can consume with impunity quantities of raw whiskey 
sufficient to kill a teetotaller. A morphia-maniac can take 
doses of morphia sufficient to kill ten ordinary individuals 
unaccustomed to it. Man first applied these principles to 
preventing anthrax, a serious disease among cattle and sheep. 
Over four and a half million animals were inoculated against 
anthrax during sixteen years in France, and the death-rate 
has been reduced in infected areas from 10 per cent. to 0-9 per 
cent. 
Man next learnt that he, as well as animals, could be 
protected by vaccines, e.g., against plague and cholera, 
consequently hundreds of hves have been saved. These 
inoculations also produce special antagonistic substances in 
the blood. 
Anti-T'yvepHoip INOCULATION. 
In 1895, that briliant worker, Sir A. EK. Wright, extended 
this principle by mtroducing a typhoid inoculation of dead 
typhoid microbes. He tried it on a fairly large scale in the 
Boer War; about one quarter of the troops received two or 
only one inoculation. The chance of contracting typhoid 
among the protected was thereby considerably reduced, 
while the chance of recovery, if the disease was contracted, 
was greatly increased. 
Since this period the efficacy of the inoculations has been 
greatly improved by certain important alterations in the 
manner of preparation and administration. They have now 
been used with most satisfactory results by the Italians in 
Tripoli, the French in Morocco and at home, the British in 
India, also in the Japanese Army and Navy, and in the U.S.A. 
Army.* 
* References given in “The Principles and Practice of Antityphoid 
Inoculation,” by E. Glynn, Liverpool’ Medico-Chirurgical Journal, July, 1915. 
