24 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
states in a recent pamphlet that “the germs of typhoid fever 
have never been proved to exist.” How can one argue with 
such invincible ignorance ! 
Typhoid vaccine has been so successful that typhoid is no 
longer a disease of military importance in the British Army. It 
has, however, been partly replaced by the less dangerous 
paratyphoid, against which typhoid vaccine gives no protection. 
Paratyphoid is spreading, as al! war diseases do, because 
sanitary precautions possible in peace are impossible in war. 
Recently (Jan., 1916), however, a new vaccine which contains 
paratyphoid as well as typhoid bacilli has been introduced, and 
I have not the slightest doubt that the number of paratyphoid 
cases will soon rapidly diminish. 
The anti-vivisectionists have recently dared to state that 
the medical profession has introduced “a new title of disease 
under which to class inoculated men who have contracted 
typhoid fever, and so improve the statistics m favour of typhoid 
inoculation.” This is a frigid lie. Paratyphoid fever was 
known long before typhoid vaccines were extensively used. 
The advance of medical knowledge in the past has frequently 
shown that what was first considered to be one disease is 
really two diseases. Time was when chicken-pox and smallpox 
were considered to be one disease, when measles and scarlet 
fever were considered to be one disease, when typhoid and 
typhus were considered to be one disease. The most rabid 
anti-vaccinationist has never yet dared to state that the 
medical profession invented ‘“‘a new title of disease, ‘chicken- 
pox,’ in order to improve the statistics of ‘smallpox.’” 
We are waging the most bloody war in our history, a war 
upon which our national existence and the welfare of all 
members of this Society depend. Enteric haunts our armies 
like a spectre, because many ordinary sanitary precautions 
practised in peace are utterly impossible in war. It is always 
prevalent in France and Belgium, and the wet season is highly 
