ESPECIALLY MYCTOPHOIDS 243 
LOWER CRETACEOUS CENOMANIAN TURONIAN : SENONIAN ‘MAAS. 
: _Pattersonichthys 
oe 
ve ——S = = Ctenothrissa———x 
poe = 
yt : : : - : 
UG _ pee Se sae sees See Se ee Se Ss ee oe >Paracanthopterygii 
fe A Nees . 2 : : : 
ae oo ? : 
\woossc-------Nematonotus 
\ SS = : : 
Ss et eee Accag ce eas 
Nea Ss ; ; : : 
\ Ro Sones see Ss Se 7 —=—-»Myctophiformes 
WX SS : ; : : 
\ \ Sar dimiotd es tt i AANA x 
\ N : Be ere é 
eo -Opisthopteryx: 
\ MN ; ; : 4 
\ Wea aoS amas SE SSeS SS SSeS SSeS SSS SSS SSS Sardinius 
x ; s : 
\ : 
\--~-=Volcichthys 
Fic. tor. Evolutionary tree of the Myctophiformes and Ctenothrissiformes within 
the Cretaceous. 
maxillae. Volcichthys, from the Lower Cenomanian, is tentatively suggested to be 
related to Sardinius. The Upper Senonian genus Ofpisthopteryx appears to have 
been derived from a form not unlike Sardinioides (Text-fig. 101). 
Patterson (1967a) has indicated that the Beryciformes probably arose sometime 
in the Albian from a ctenothrissiform stock. By the end of the Lower Cretaceous 
salmoniform derivatives were numerous and had undergone a considerable degree of 
radiation. Having given rise to the Ctenothrissiformes and the Myctophiformes, 
the basal stock appears to have continued and produced yet further lineages, none 
however corresponding to the ctenothrissiforms but some paralleling the myctophi- 
forms. The Stomiatoidei is possibly represented in the Lower Cenomanian by 
Paravinciguerria (Arambourg, 1954). Weitzman (1967 : 535-537) has evaluated the 
fossil record of the stomiatoids, and has reached the conclusion that Paravinciguerria 
may be stomiatoid, whereas [dvissia (Arambourg, 1954) is probably not. The 
Argentinoidei, Galaxioidei and Esocoidei do not appear in the fossil record until the 
Tertiary (Patterson, 1967b). The argentinoids and galaxioids presumably arose in 
the Upper Cretaceous or actually in the Tertiary itself, but the Esocoidei, in view 
of the structure of their dermal upper jaw, present more of a problem. The separate 
proethmoid of Esox and Dallia may be the forerunner of an ascending process or it 
might be only an analogous structure indicating the derivation of the Esocoidei 
