42 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
Expedition” ; along with the late Professor Renard he wrote 
the very important report upon the ‘“ Deep Sea Deposits ” | 
(1891), generally recognised as the authoritative work on the 
subject; and finally, at the conclusion of the series, he pro- 
duced two volumes entitled “Summary of Results” (1894), 
which gives an elaborate historical account of our knowledge 
of the sea and the development of the science of Oceanography 
from the earliest times to the present day, and also, in addition 
to complete lists of all the organisms at all the “ Challenger ” 
Stations, includes a discussion of many important matters, 
geological as well as biological, relating to the origin of our 
present distribution of land and water and of the ce 
of the marine fauna and flora of the globe. 
It was characteristic of him to put forward, especially in 
these “Summary ” volumes, views which were novel and even 
daring, which he believed he had evidence to support, but 
which a less courageous man might have kept back or expressed 
more cautiously. He always had the courage of his convictions. 
He admitted that he sometimes made mistakes, but held that 
the man who never made a mistake never made anything else. 
That was one of his obster dicta which were flymg about the 
“Challenger” Office, and stuck in my impressionable youth. 
Let me read you a passage from one of his many letters that I 
have and which refers to the kind of views he afterwards 
published in his “Summary.” It is dated 13th September, 
1894, and is evidently in answer to some question I had 
asked as to his views on the past history of life in the sea. 
a I gave two papers to the R.S.E. and also 
said something about distribution at the British Association, 
but I have not yet published anything. I am now considering 
whether or not I will add a chapter to the last “ Challenger ” 
Volume, giving my. views. 
“I believe the continental areas are very permanent, 
and for instance Africa has separated marine faunas and floras 
