44 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
all the oceans. This bipolarity hypothesis has been vigorously 
controverted, and like some other theories in Science which — 
have had to be abandoned, was most useful in its day as giving 
rise to much new investigation. A good deal of evidence 
against Murray’s views on bipolarity has been accumulated 
as the result of recent antarctic expeditions. 
But whether all his views are accepted or not, Ries are 
all very stimulating and useful, and have given rise to much 
investigation and discussion in the history of Oceanography. 
His five great volumes are a notable monument to his memory. 
They and the other “Challenger ’’ Reports which he edited 
record collectively the greatest advance in the knowledge of 
our planet since the great geographical discoveries of the 15th 
and 16th centuries. 
We must now go back to a couple of subsidiary expeditions 
(1880-82) for the purpose of investigating the very remarkable 
conditions of temperature and fauna in the Faroe Channel. 
Carpenter and Wyville Thomson, during their preliminary 
investigations in the “ Lightning” and “ Porcupine,” had 
found that the Faroe Channel, between Cape Wrath and the 
Faroe Isles, was abruptly divided into two regions under very 
different conditions—a “cold” and a “warm” area. The 
temperature of the water to a depth of 200 fathoms is much 
the same in the two areas; but in the cold area to the N.E. 
the temperature is about 34° F. at 250 fathoms. and about 30° 
at the bottom in 640 fathoms, while in the warm area which 
stretches S.W. from the line of demarcation the temperature 
is 47° F'. at 250 fathoms, and 42° at the bottom in 600 fathoms. 
The warm area was found to have 216 species, while the cold 
had 217, and of these only 48 species were common to both. 
A consideration of the “ Challenger’ temperatures led to the 
conclusion that the cold and warm areas of the Faroe Channel 
must be separated by a very considerable submarine ridge 
rising to within 200 or 300 fathoms of the surface. Sir Wyville 
