46 
NOTES on FLORAL MORPHOLOGY. 
By R. J. Harvey Gipson, M.A., F.R.S.E., 
LECTURER ON BOTANY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL. 
[Read 12th March, 1887.] 
No. 1.—ON THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF THE POLYPETALOUS AND 
GAMOPETALOUS COROLLA AS AN ORGAN OF PROTECTION TO THE 
ANTHERS FROM WIND. 
THe law of cross-fertilization amongst plants and 
animals is now generally admitted by biologists to be 
one of extreme importance, and of far-reaching application. 
Briefly stated, that law affirms that cross-fertilization 
produces the greatest number of seeds capable of germi- 
nation, while self-fertilization tends to produce few or 
no seeds capable of germinating; and, further, that seeds 
which are the result of cross-fertilization always tend to 
survive those which are the result of self-fertilization. 
Since plants are as a rule stationary, it follows that 
agencies are needed for the transport of pollen from one 
plant to another. These agencies are, generally speaking, 
two—wind and insects. Plants which are cross-fertilized 
by the agency of wind are termed anemophilous; those 
which are cross-fertilized by the help of insects, ento- 
mophilous. 
In the present paper we are concerned only with the 
entomophilous forms, save where it 1s necessary to contrast 
these with anemophilous examples. The chief points of 
distinction between these two varieties are (for our purpose), 
(1) that in the anemophilous flower the essential organs, 
the androecium and gyncecium, are exposed, and the 
