8 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



to attack, and it is in yellow fever that prophylactic measures 

 have obtained their greatest success. To attack the malaria 

 mosquito — the Anopheline — breeding in marshes, rivers, 

 streams, wells, pools, and in fact any collection of water, is 

 a much more difficult matter, but it is largely a question of 

 finance. 



Phlebotomus Fever— Three-days' Fever — or Sand-fly 

 Fever — Summer Influenza. 



This is a very unpleasant fever while it lasts, viz., three 

 days, but fortunately is never fatal, but presents, however, 

 some resemblances to yellow fever. The disease exists along the 

 Mediterranean littoral, in Egypt, India, and probably all 

 over the world. It is a great cause of sickness among our 

 troops in Malta, India, etc. The cause of the disease is unknown, 

 but the blood is infective from the first two days of the fever. 

 The infective matter, whatever it be, will pass through a 

 fine filter candle. The disease is transmitted by certain species 

 of sandflies. The facts of transmission are that a sandfly 

 that bites a patient during the first day or second day of 

 the fever becomes infected, but it is only about a week later 

 that it can transmit the disease. Comparatively little is so 

 far known about the life history of sandflies, the greater part 

 of what we do know we owe to Newstead's labours in Malta. 

 They breed in caves and dark places, and lay their eggs in 

 cracks in the soil, in old walls, etc. The egg stage lasts about 

 eight days, the larval stage lasts two to eight weeks, pupal 

 stage, attached to stones, two weeks. Flies in captivity 

 live only ten days. 



The flies themselves, so far as we know at present, do not 

 survive the winter, but do so in the larval stage. The question 

 then arises: how does the disease survive the winter? It is 



