16 G. F. Wright—The Muir Glacier. 
the ice on the sides at some distance from the tunnel, where the 
superficial debris was thinner, has melted down much below the 
level of that which was protected by the thicker deposit; and 
so the debris is sliding down the sides as well as into the tunnel 
through the centre. Thus three ridges approximately parallel 
are simultaneously forming. When the ice has fully melted 
away, this debris will present all the complications of interlac- 
ing ridges, with numerous kettle-holes and knobs characterizing 
the kames; and these will be approximately parallel with the 
line of glacial motion. The same condition of things exists 
about the head of the sub-glacial stream on the east side, also 
near the junction of the first branch glacier on the east with the 
main stream, asalso about the mouth of the independent glacier 
shown on the map lower down on the west side of the inlet. 
(See fig. 2.) The formation of kettle-holes in the terminal 
ridges has already been referred to. (See p. 12.) 
10. Transportation and waste by Water. 
Considerable earthy material is carried out from the front by 
the bergs. Pebbles and dirt were frequently seen frozen into 
them as they were floating long distances away. Just how 
many of the bergs were formed from ice that originally rested 
on the bottom of the inlet I have no means of telling. That 
some were so formed seems exceedingly probable, if for no 
other reasons because of the great amount of debris that was 
sometimes seen frozen into them. It is by no means certain 
that the subglacial streams boiling up near the upper corners 
of the inlet were beneath the lowest stratum of ice. Some 
small streams were seen pouring out from the face of the ice 
half way up from the water. -It seems likely that a great 
amount of sediment becomes incorporated in cavities in the 
center of the glacier through the action of these subglacial 
streams; and so is ready for transportation when the masses 
break loose. 
There were two pretty distinct lines of motion in the currents 
of the inlet, corresponding to those originating in the subglacial 
streams, so that ordinarily the ice-floes arranged themselves in 
the inlet along definite lines. But the tides were so high as 
sometimes to cause much irregularity. Frequently large ice- 
bergs would be seen moving up the lines of current or diagonal 
to them. The upper part of the inlet was filled with the muddy 
water coming from the subglacial streams. The line separa- 
ting this muddy water from the clear water of the bay was 
driven now one way and now another, according to the influ- 
ence of the tide. The steamer’s screw brought up much muddy 
water from below the surface some distance down the bay, and 
