G. Fo Wright—The Mur Glacier. 15 
lying exposed in the moraine. Occasional chunks of peat or 
compact masses of sphagnum formed a part of the debris of this 
moraine. These also occurred on some of the medial moraines 
on the eastern side. I did not go up them far enough to learn 
directly their origin. But, as no forests were visible anywhere 
in that direction, it is presumable that they had been recently 
excavated from preglacial forests similar in situation to that 
now exposed on the west below the ice-front. 
The capacity of the ice to move, without disturbing them, 
over such gravel deposits as covered the forests, is seen in the 
present condition of the southwestern corner of the glacier 
itself. As the ice-front has retreated along that shore, large 
masses of ice are still to be seen lapping over upon the gravel. 
These are portions of the glacier still sustained in place by the 
underlying gravel while the water of the inlet has carried the 
ice from the perpendicular bank clear away. This phenome- 
non, and that of the general perpendicular front presented 
by the ice at the water's edge, accords with the well-known 
fact that the surface of the ice moves faster than the lower por- 
tions. Otherwise the ice colurans at the front would not fall 
over into the water as they do. 
9. Kames and Kettle-holes. 
The formation of kames, and of the knobs and kettle-holes 
characteristic both of kames and of terminal moraines, is illus- 
trated in various places about the mouth of Muir glacier, but 
especially near the southwest corner just above the shoulder of 
the mountain where the last lateral branch comes in from the 
‘west. This branch is retreating, and has already begun to 
separate from the main glacier at its lower side, where the sub- 
glacial stream passing the buried forest emerges. Here a vast 
amount of water-worn debris covers the ice, extending up the 
glacier in the line of motion for a long distance. It is evident 
from the situation that, when the ice-stream was a little fuller 
than now, and the sub-glacial stream emerged considerably 
farther down, a great mass of debris was spread out on the ice at 
an elevation considerably above the bottom. Now that the 
front is retreating, this sub-glacial. stream occupies a long tun- 
nel, twenty-five or thirty feet high, in a stratum of ice that is 
overlaid. to a depth in some places of fifteen or twenty feet with 
water-worn glacial debris. In numerous places the roof of this 
tunnel has broken in, and the tunnel itself is deserted for some 
distance by the stream, so that the debris is caving down into 
the bed of the tunnel as the edges of ice melt away, thus form- 
ing a tortuous ridge, with projecting knolls where the funnels 
into the tunnel are oldest and largest. At the same time, 
