268 J. J. Stevenson—Fauits of Southwest Virginia. 
where the upthrown and downthrown rocks are in contact— 
frequently show no signs of disturbance other than abrupt dip ; 
but the proof of disturbance is much more distinct on the up- 
throw side at a distance of somewhat more than half a mile 
and beyond; while even on the downthrow side the dip may 
be greater at some distance than it is at the fault line itself. 
Where New River crosses the Walker Mountain fault, the dip 
on the downthrow is fourteen or fifteen degrees, but at barely 
half a mile farther down the stream, the dip is fifty-five de- 
grees; yet within fifteen miles toward the east, the conditions 
are altogether reversed, the shales dipping very abruptly near 
the fault, while, at about one-fourth of a mile away, the sand- 
stones are dipping at but twenty-five degrees. 
But on the upthrow side the disturbance in any case is not 
confined to mere variations in rate of dip; the crushing is 
proved by numerous narrow, crowded, abrupt folds, beginning 
at half a mile or so from the fault and continuing for even a 
mile or more. These are especially noteworthy near the faults 
of the Clinch Group, but they are shown in some places near 
the Walker Mountain fault. The crushing at several localities 
near Clinch River is excessive and at one locality the shales 
are folded as closely as micaceous shales on Manhattan island, 
but they show no evidence of metamorphism. 
That the faults are closely related in several instances to 
anticlinals has been stated already more than once; but a sys- 
tem of folds still remains, though in fragments, with which the 
faults have but a fortuitous connection. The conditions can- 
not be exhibited here without the aid of somewhat complicated 
diagrams; but the colored maps accompanying the writer's 
memoirs already cited make the matter sufficiently clear. 
The Saltville fault, best of all in Virginia, shows the condi- 
tions, for it cuts off several folds existing in the interval be- 
tween it and the Copper Creek fault at the north, a space ten to 
twelve miles wide. The first fold at the west, the ‘‘ Great 
Garden” axis of W. B. Rogers, is an inverted canoe, about 
eighty miles long and attaining its maximum in Burk’s Garden 
of Tazewell County. As the fault does not follow the strike 
but simply cuts along the side of the canoe, it is clear enough 
that the section on the northerly or downthrow side must show 
noteworthy variations as the line approaches or leaves the 
higher, wider portion of the canoe, while no change is shown 
on the opposite or upthrow side. And this is the condition ; 
for while the Knox limestone is on the upthrow side through- 
out, changes enough appear on the other side. Thus in 
Washington County opposite Mendota, tiie width of Lower 
Carboniferous is nearly four miles, in which a magnificent sec- 
tion of Umbral and Vespertine is shown. But at the edge of 
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