Botany and Zoology. 321 
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the specific name when transposing it from the old genus to the 
new, when at least that name is not already in the genus receiv- 
ing the accession. Wantonly to set aside the joint name thus 
given, and to publish a new name by joining the oldest specific 
to the true generic, is a mischievous practice which should never 
be condoned ; it is adding to the already vast mass of useless 
synonyms, and is more likely the offspring of vanity than of a 
sincere desire to promote science.” This is putting the case a 
little more decidedly than Bentham did, but not too strongly; 
for it follows implicitly from the principle of the accepted rules. 
The re-paging of separate memoirs extracted or reprinted from 
serial or other works is justly deprecated; and the American 
Academy of Arts and Sciences is mentioned as an example to be 
followed. This Academy absolutely forbids all tampering with 
the original pagination. A. G. 
2. Gilded Chrysalides; by Epwarp B. Poutton, Esq. (Roy. 
Inst. Gt. Britain.) —Mr. T. W. Wood in 1867 published the obser- 
vation that certain pupex (Pieris brassicw, P. rape, &c.) resemble 
in color the surface on which they are found. Although this 
was disputed by some naturalists, it was confirmed by Mr. A. G. 
Butler and Prof. Meldola. In 1874 Mrs. M. E. Barber published 
some very striking observations on the colors of the pupa of 
Papilio nireus (South Africa) confirmation being afterwards 
afforded by Mr. Trimen, from the case of Papilio demoleus. Dr. 
Fritz Miller, however, shows that Papilio polydamus is not 
sensitive to surrounding colors. The observations were ex- 
plained by supposing the moist skin of the freshly formed pupa 
to be ‘photographically sensitive” to the color of surrounding 
surfaces ; but Prof. Meldola pointed out that there can be no real 
analogy with photography. Furthermore, many pup are formed 
at night when the surrounding surfaces are dark. The present 
investigation was undertaken with the belief that the influence 
would be found to work upon the larva as it rests upon some 
colored surface before pupation. 
I. Experiments upon Vanessa Io.—TVhis pupa appears in two 
varieties, being commonly dark gray-and much more rarely yel- 
lowish-green. Six larve placed in a glass cylinder covered with 
green tissue paper, produced six green pup; one of these trans- 
ferred to a black surface while still moist and fresh, became a 
green pupa precisely like the others. 
Il. Hxperiments upon Vanessa urtice.—The pupe have no 
green form, but appear in many shades of dark gray, the lighter 
ohes having golden spots on them, while the extreme forms are 
almost covered with the golden appearance. These latter are 
very rarely seen in nature, except when the pupa is diseased. 
Over 700 pup were obtained in the following experiments :— 
(1.) Effects of Colors.— Green and orange surroundings caused 
no effect on the pupal colors; black produced, as a rule, dark 
pupe; white produced light pup, many of them being brilliantly 
golden. This last result suggested the use of gilt surroundings, 
