J. D. Dana—History of the Changes in Kilauea. 437 
naturalist, and twice visited the Sandwich Islands, making collec- 
tions and observations in botany, zoology, etc., part of the time 
under the auspices of the Horticultural Society of London. His 
instruments included a barometer, chronometers, a reflecting 
circle, large dipping needle, etc. While on an excursion over 
Hawaii in July, 1834 (then 35 years old), he fell into a pit made 
to entrap wild cattle and was gored to death. 
X. Account, by E, G. KeL.ey, of observations made at Kilauea 
by Captains Cuasr and Parker, on the 8th of May, 1838, and 
published, after submission to Capts. C. and P., in this Journal, 
xl, 117, 1841, with a map of the crater (see p. 448). 
XI. Notes of Count Strzlecki, after a visit to Kilauea in 1838, 
in his “ New South Wales and Van Diemens Land,” 8vo, London, 
1845, and cited in quotation marks from, he says, his ‘‘ manu- 
script notes.” Also a note in the Hawaiian Spectator, i, 436, but 
the facts differently stated—see note, p. 449. 
XII. Account, by Captain Joun SurruErp, RK. N., after a visit, 
Sept. 16, 1839, contained in the London Athenzeum of Nov. 14, 
1840, p. 909. 
XIII. Account, by Rev. Tirus Coan, dated September, 1840, 
Missionary Herald, xxxvii, 283. . : 
XIV. Rev. H. Bingham’s Residence of thirty-one years in the 
Sandwich Islands, 1847. 
1. KILAUEA FROM JAN. 1823 To JAN. 1841. 
For convenient reference in describing the varying phases of 
the volcano, I introduce (see Plate XI1) a view of the crater of 
Kilauea from its north side, as it appeared in December, 1840,* 
when it had, as a consequence of the eruption about six months 
before, a lower pit, and a “black ledge,” besides the great 
southern lake of lavas, Halema’uma’u, all well defined. The 
artist of the expedition, Mr. J. Drayton, has, with the aid of his 
camera lucida, brought out well the features of the scene. 
The more distant wall is about 14,000 feet from the near side, 
and this is not far from the idea the view conveys, quite as 
nearly so as it appears to be in the actual scene. But one or 
two points of geological importance have been overlooked 
which should be mentioned to forestall wrong inferences; one 
is, the omission of the stratification of the wall, which is a 
marked feature; and another is the giving a slight concavity 
to the floor of the crater in the northern or near part, which 
was not a fact. The small jets of vapor over the bottom arise, 
with a single exception, from fissures or cavern-like openings; 
and such escapes of vapor are greatly multiplied by a rain. 
The exception was that of a lava-lake, about 200 feet in diam- 
eter, named Judd’s Lake in the ‘ Narrative,’ which was the 
* Copied from the plate facing page 125, in the 4th volume of Wilkes’s 
Narrative. 
