J, D. Dana— History of the Changes in Kilauea. 448 
Mr. Ellis argues from the ‘conical islands” (Id, p. 226, and 
. II, iv, p. 287) that the boiling caldron of melted lava “ was 
comparatively shallow,” implying that the cones stood on the 
solid bottom of the lake. He also noticed that the walls of 
Kilauea were “composed of different strata of ancient lava.” 
On page 144, the Journal (Ia), after describing long, covered, 
tunnel-like chambers occupying the emptied interiors of lava 
streams, the upper surface rippled, the roof “hung with red 
and brown stalactitic lava,” and ‘‘the bottom one continued 
glassy stream,” says that they followed one such covered way 
‘to the edge of the precipice that bounds the great crater, and 
looked over the fearful steep down which the fiery cascade had 
rushed, the fall ‘‘several hundred feet.” The plate in the 
‘ Journal’’ (p. 488) represents rudely such a stream descend- 
ing the west wall (like that of 1832, on the opposite side of the 
crater); but it is strangely (perhaps because badly drawn) 
omitted from the plate in the ‘ Narrative.” 
Mr. Goodrich’s letter on April, 1825 (VIa), does not dis- 
tinguish the events of his first four visits. He observes that in 
February, 1825, he counted twelve places where the lava was 
red hot, and three or four where it was “spouting up lava 30 
or 40 feet”; and mentions the escape of vapors in many 
places, making “a tremendous roaring.” On December 22, 
1824, a crater opened in the bottom where the lavas boiled like — 
a fountain, with jets 40 to 50 feet high, and flowed off 50 or 60 
rods, i 
Lord Byron’s ‘ Voyage” states (p. 184) that on June 30th, 
1825, ‘fifty cones of various height appeared below,” at least 
‘one-half of these in activity”; and Mr. R. Dampier’s sketch 
represents such a scene. Lieut. Malden’s map makes the cones. 
fewer and very broad, unlike the descriptions; crater No. 5 
(p. 440) 1s probably Halema’uma’u, for the distance from the 
hut is right for it, and if so the part ‘concealed by smoke” 
was of much less extent than was supposed by the party. 
Rev. C. 8. Stewart, who was with the party from the Blonde, 
makes the same statement (III) as to the number of “ conical 
craters,” and the position of the great seat of action in the south- 
west. He describes (p. 298) the black ledge as covered with tor- 
tuous streams of shining lava bearing “‘incontestible evidence 
of once having been the level of the fiery flood,” and adds that 
‘‘a subduction of lava” had “sunk the abyss many hundreds of 
feet to its present depth.” A cone on the bottom, visited by 
the party, spoken of as “‘ one of the largest,” ‘‘ whose laborious 
action” had attracted attention during the night (p. 304 and 
No. 1 on the map), was judged to be 150 feet high ‘a huge, 
irregularly shapen, inverted funnel of lava, covered with clefts 
and orifices, from which bodies of steam escaped with deafen- 
