NEW JERSEY BRICKMAKING INDUSTRY. 247 



not as extensively used for stiff-mud brick as it is in some other 

 States, pallet racks being more often employed instead. Some- 

 times the bricks are piled up at once in "hacks" or long rows 

 (PL XXVII, Fig. 2) in the open air until ready for the kiln. 

 The details are given herewith : 



Number of yards reported, 68 ioo % 



Open yards, 2>7 55- 2 % 



Hacks, 12 17.6% 



Tunnels 10 14-9% 



Pallet racks, 5 7.4% 



Covered sheds, 2 2.9% 



No dryers used fdry press), 1 1.6% 



Burning. — Since the product is chiefly common brick, few 

 improved kilns are employed. As will be seen from the statistics 

 given below, only about one-sixth of the yards use down-draft 

 kilns, and not one brick works in New Jersey is using continuous 

 kilns. Indeed, so far as the writer is aware, there are only three 

 continuous kilns in use in the State, one being used for fireproof- 

 ing, a second for conduits, and a third for fire bricks. The kiln 

 statistics are as follows : 



Number of firms reported, 70 100 % 



Up-draft permanent walls, 36 Sl-4% 



Up-draft scove kilns, 22 3*4% 



Down-draft, 12 17.2% 



In setting common brick in scove kilns, the number of courses 

 built varies considerably, but is the same usually in any one dis- 

 trict. Thus, around Matawan, the bricks are set from 50 to 52 

 courses high, and the settle in burning (see PL XXIX, Fig. 2) 

 is claimed to be about 12 inches. Along the Delaware river, from 

 Trenton to Camden, and eastward towards Moorestown, the 

 bricks are set from 37 to 39 courses high, and settle is said to be 

 from 9 to- 15 inches. Where the so<ft-mud process predominates, 

 scove kilns are commonly employed, but at the stiff-mud works 

 dutch kilns and even those of the down-draft type are usually built. 



The temperatures reached in burning common brick are usually 

 low, and while no cone measurements were made in any scove 

 kilns, the majority are probably burned at about cone 05 to 03, 



