THE POTTERY INDUSTRY. 299 



Turning. — This is done on a rapidly revolving horizontal 

 wheel, the potter taking- a lump of clay and placing it on a rapidly 

 revolving disk. Wetting the surface with a slip of clay and 

 water, he gradually works the revolving mass into the desired 

 form. After being shaped, the object is then detached from the 

 wheel by running a thin wire underneath it, and it is set aside to 

 dry. Crocks, jugs and similar articles are turned, this method 

 being often employed for molding common stoneware, and some- 

 times for earthenware. 



Jollying or jigging. — This is a more rapid method than turning, 

 and the clay to be used for this purpose is tempered to a much 

 softer consistency. The jolly is a wheel fitted with a hollow 

 head to receive the plaster mold, the interior of which is the same 

 shape as the exterior of the object to be molded. A lump of 

 clay is placed in the revolving mold and is gradually forced up 

 around the sides of the latter. In the beginning of the opera- 

 tion this is done by the fingers, but finally a metallic arm or 

 templet is used, which is brought down into' the mold and serves 

 to shape the interior of the object. Cups, crocks, jugs, pitchers 

 and even wash basins can be molded in this manner. Articles 

 with tapering necks are generally jollied in two> parts, which are 

 subsequently cemented together with slip, while handles are 

 stamped out separately and afterwards fastened on the article. 



A modification of jollying", used for making plates and saucers, 

 consists in having a plaster mold, the surface of which has the 

 same shape as the interior or upper surface of the plate to be 

 formed. The potter's assistant takes a piece of clay of the de- 

 sired size, and pounds it to a flat cake, called a "bat," which is 

 laid on the mold ; he then shapes the other side or bottom of the 

 plate by pressing a wooden templet of the proper profile against 

 it as it revolves. A modification of this machine is one used for 

 flower pots, in which the mold is of steel, and instead of a templet, 

 a solid piece, also of metal, and fitting the interior surface of the 

 pot, is brought down into the mold. 



Pressing. — Ewers and vessels of oval or elliptical section are 

 usually made by means of sectional molds, consisting of two or 

 three pieces, the inner surface of which conforms to the outer 



