340 CLAYS AND CLAY INDUSTRY. 



is one of the reasons why steam shovels could not be used for 

 excavating purposes. The pit method, described in Chapter II, 

 has certain advantages, for in digging through the section each 

 time, to or nearly to the bottom of the deposit, it is possible for 

 the clay miner to supply a number of kinds of clay at one time, 

 whereas, if a large excavation were made working over a large 

 area at one level, only one kind of clay might be extracted at a 

 time. Unless, however, a number of pits are worked at once the 

 output from any one property is restricted. One of the finest ap- 

 pearing banks in the Woodbridge district is that of W. H. Cutter, 

 located south of the village (PI. XXXVII). 



AMOUNT OF CLAY MINED IN NEW JERSEY. 



The total quantity and value of the clay mined in New Jersey 

 in 1902 was as follows i 1 



Clay mined in New Jersey, 1902. 



Kaolin (so called), 1,576 short tons. $1,761 



Fire clay, raw, 281,508 do. 327,58c 



Ball clay, raw, 697 do. 3,991 



Stoneware clay, raw, 34-397 do. 59,270 



Miscellaneous clay, raw, 157,225 do. 136,471 



do. prepared, .... 6,765 do. 15,586 



494,800 do. $612,721 



New Jersey is the largest producer of clay in the country, the 

 total quantity of clay mined in the United States in 1901 being 

 1,367,170 short tons, valued at $2,576,932. It must be under- 

 stood, however, that these figures refer only to the clay, which was 

 sold by the miner in the raw state, and does not include the much 

 larger amount of clay which was dug directly by the manufac- 

 turers of fire brick, fireproofing-, hollow ware and all the various 

 grades of building brick, most of whom own their clay banks and 

 utilize themselves nearly all, if not all, the clay they dig. Even in 

 the Woodbridge-Perth Amboy district, where the clay miner as 



1 The figures are taken from the Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902. 



