NOTES. 379 
timated at twelve hours per week. It is expected that the student 
_ will, in this year, lay the foundations for the work he may wish to 
do during the following years, by getting that general idea of the 
physics of the globe, which forms the necessary basis for the work 
of the naturalist in any department of labor. 
With the junior year the studies of a strictly biological char- 
acter begin. One course includes the elements of comparative 
zoology, with elementary teaching in microscopy, another the ele- 
ments of botany, a third the elements of comparative anatomy. 
The principle on which the teaching of zoology is based is that 
the student should at the very beginning be put into the position 
of an investigator. With this object in view the student is at 
first required to do all his work upon natural objects. Beginning 
with the solid part of a Fungia, or some other object of equal 
simplicity , the student is then required to draw and describe the 
specimen, aided only by such questions and suggestions as may be 
necessary to get him over the worst obstacles ; as soon as he has 
done the little he can do in the way of close observation, he is 
given a Manacena or Agaricea which he proceeds to compare with 
the Fungia, and so making at least diagrammatic drawings with a 
dozen other specimens of Polyps, Haleynoid and Actinoid. Thus 
the student gets some idea of the general relations which exist 
among the members of that group; when, say, in thirty hours of 
labor he has got through this work, a few lectures serve to supple- 
ment and connect the knowledge he has obtained from the personal 
_ Study of the dry parts, illustrated by a sufficient series of alco- 
holie preparations, and helped out by such individual teaching as i 
ĉan be given without weakening the habit of self-reliance. In this 
way he goes through group after group, until, from a study of 
if one hundred species, he has gotten a general idea of the 
Organic forms above the Protozoa.. In this stage of the student’s 
work, care is taken to avoid the use of diagrams, this avoidance 
2 ng dictated by the conviction that the student remembers the 
and not the object. During this year botany is also 
_ “Sight with the same object and by much the same method. In 
: SCN with the zoological instruction, the students are taugbt 
eft to 
t © second year courses are advanced zoology, palæontology, 
nts of microscopy, the development of the subject being 
the next year. 
geology, geography and advanced botany. The first two 
