RINGBARKING AND ITS EFFECTS. 99 
This I attribute to the fact that No. 3 has a rock bottom through 
the whole of its course, while Nos. 1 and 2 have some gravel beds 
under which the water may flow. 
The geological formation of all three creeks is volcanic, there 
being no stratified rocks as far as I can see in any part of them. 
All three began to run in 1871, and have continued ever since to 
run as permanent streams, and in the last drought ending herein 
the beginning of 1878, though the volume of water w 
it usually is, the creeks never ceased running, even up to the third 
year of drought. 
The three creeks that have been ringbarked flow from west to east, 
and there is a creek flowing from east to west on the fe pe side 
1 +e rae at drainaca o 
inches), and I wished, by measuring after a considerable period 0! 
weather, to make sure that I was not over-estimating the per- 
manent annual outflow. 
The average rainfall here since 1875 is just 25 inches, and taking 
the rainfall for the previous five years at Murrurundi, which is 
fall is still within a few points of 25 inches for the ten years. No 
raln-gauges were kept in this part of the country before 1870. 
The water begins to flow in the creeks a short distance below the 
green timber, sothat in comparing the outflow with the area drain : 
I have only taken into the calculation the area of drainage that is 
nugbarked. 
MEASUREMENTS. 
No, 1 creek contains :— 
at 25 for twelve months ... 516,140,625 gallons. 
Permanent outflow at 264 gallons per 
minute for a year... i ... - 13,924,800 gallons. 
or taking 
