No. 378.] REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE. 445 
from the hive, then turning the hive go° should have had no effect; 
but it did. The bees returned to the side where the entrance was 
before the turning. Thinking that the rapid turning might not have 
been followed by the dense cloud of “nest material” which exists 
immediately before the entrance, a hive was mounted on a horizontal 
wheel, and the whole on a truck, so that the hive could not only be 
turned slowly, but moved from one place to another. 
When a revolution of go° was made in fifteen minutes, the bees 
went in well until the 30° point was reached, after which fewer and 
fewer went in, until at go° none entered the hive at all. When 
twenty minutes were required in turning the hive go°, the bees went 
directly in until the 45° point; from this position until the 135° point 
was reached the stoppage of the bees increased more and more until 
no bees went in at the latter position. 
Reducing the rate of rotation to go° in forty-five minutes did not 
produce any different results from the last experiment. As the hive 
would approach the 180° point, the path on which the bees arrived 
wouid swing back to its old position, thus bringing the bees to the 
back of the hive. 
If the hive was drawn back 50 centimeters from its usual position, 
the bees returned to the place where the entrance was, and, circling 
about, some would find the entrance. If drawn back 2 meters no 
bees found the hive, but circled about its old position in hundreds, 
going into a box if placed there with a hole where the hive entrance 
had been. 
A chemical “ nest material” aids somewhat in entering the ae 
but does not play the chief réle in guiding flying bees. Whatever it 
is seems to guide them not to the hive but to a point in space where 
it was when left by the bees. 
To ascertain if memory pictures have any part in this, a hive was 
masked so that even a man would not have recognized either it or 
its surroundings, but so long, as neither red nor white was used, no 
effect was noticed on the bees. These two colors, however, always 
seemed to disquiet them, causing a collecting, probably through their 
dazzling effect. This shows that no memory picture of the hive is 
retained, and to ascertain whether they fly through memory pictures 
of the region about the hive, the following experiments were made, in 
which the city near the Institute, in which few flowers bloom and 
in which a bee is seldom seen, is assumed to be an unknown region, 
while the meadows around the Institute are assumed to be known to 
the bees. In each instance eight marked bees were taken 350 meters 
