The Old and the New in Corn Culture. 13 



moved to the East in the shape of cattle and hogs. It was 

 a not uncommon sight to see large droves of cattle and 

 hogs being driven across the mountains from the Ohio 

 Valley to Baltimore. Increasing trade with the eastern 

 part of the United States and the beginnings of European 

 trade made systems of transportation necessary. National 

 highways were opened, canals were constructed, and at last 

 railroads linked widely separated territory, so that the 

 products of the West could reach quickly the eastern cities, 

 the Atlantic seaboard, and the Orient. 



The progress of invention and commerce was hastened by 

 rapidly increasing supplies of corn and corn-fed animals. 



CORN AND THE PACKING INDUSTRY. 



The increasing production of corn and the consequent 

 increase in hogs and cattle developed* the packing-house 

 industry. About 1832 the city of Cincinnati was nicknamed 

 " Porkopolis " because of its importance as a pork-packing 

 center. The Union Stock Yard and Transit Co. of Chicago 

 began its operations in 1865. For a number of years it re- 

 mained the only large market. In 1871, 1874, 1877, 1884,, 

 and 1898, stockyards were established at Kansas City, St. 

 Louis, Sioux City, South Omaha, and St. Joseph. The 

 growth of the packing industry has been indeed rapid. Ac- 

 cording to the Interstate Commerce Commission reports, 

 there is a steady growth in the tonnage of packing-house 

 products carried by the railways in the United States. For 

 the years 1914, 1915, and 1916, the report of tonnage is as 

 follows : 



Tons. 



1914 5, 739, 000 



1915 6, 193, 623 



1916 6, 831, 801 



The increasing utilization of by-products of the packing 

 houses is more or less familiar to all of us. As for the 

 movement of live stock from the farms to various markets, 

 live stock whose ration to a greater or less extent is corn, 

 figures are so large as to be almost incomprehensible. Ac- 

 cording to the Bureau of Markets of the Department of Agri- 

 culture, the receipts of hogs during the 5 years from 1913 to 

 1917 at 12 leading markets averaged over 26,000,000 animals 

 annually. The increase in receipts for this period over the 



