ZOOLOGY. 187 
of the most important characters. that it is valueless, and should 
be ignored as, indeed, it always has been. In either case, the 
American pomologist will appreciate more kindly than my- 
reviewer the efforts to “‘ brush away the cobwebs of uncertainty 
' which have gathered around the nomenclature of the insect,” and 
.to couple an appropriate name with a description and history 
which cannot iń future be misunderstood. 
Praying your indulgence for the length of this defence, I thank 
you, Messrs. editors, for the appreciation otherwise manifest in 
the review in question.—C. V. RıLeY, Dec. 3, 1873. 
-[I should not feel called upon to notice Mr. Riley’s reply to my 
. criticism, were not the views on morphology he here reiterates in 
my opinion so erroneous. In reply to his section 1, I may say 
that the reader is referred to p. 19 of the third edition of the 
**Guide to the Study of Insects” for my reasons for changing my 
Opinions as to the number of segments in the head of six-footed 
insects, and on p. 18, will be found an account of the opinions 
of the best authors as to the composition of the head of insects. 
The whole matter was settled by Savigny in 1816, and confirmed 
by Audouin, MacLeay, Kirby, Carus, Straus-Durckheim, New- 
man, Newport, Huxley and others, and by every writer on the 
embryology of insects. If Mr. Riley, after reading the views of 
these authors, and studying for himself the embryology of some: 
-insect, is content to reiterate his own and Dr. Schaum’s views so 
confidently, I shall admire his hardihood. 
2. The article of Dr. Schaum is really based on such ignorance 
of morphology and embryology, and is so unphilosophical in its 
spirit, that I wonder any one can be found to endorse it. That 
“ what is generally mistaken for the first abdominal joint” is that 
joint was shown’ to be so by Latreille, Newman and others, and J 
_ May be pardoned for saying that I believe I have proved it by an 
examination of the segment in question in the larval and pupal 
_ Stages of the humble bee.* } 
8. That the head of an insect is dii of more than one 
-Segment is simply a matter of fact ; there is nothing “ ideal” about 
it. The simple-fact that the head of an insect bears four pairs of — 
jointed adana Soe e. the antennæ, mandibles, and two pairs of 
= weeds Devel t d position of the Hymenoptera, ete 
Y 
oe Pky ou Fae 866, yol x, p.279, and “Guide to din Study 
ee penbe 
X 
