616 ADDRESS OF PROFESSOR LOVERING. | 
and advancing columns of the physical sciences is this :—<Are 
there any improvements in the weapons of attack, or have any 
additions been made to them? These are of two kinds :—1. Instru- 
ments for experiment, and 2. The logic of mathematics. These 
are the lighter and the heavier artillery in this peaceful service. 
If we cast a hurried glance over that long period of experi- 
mental research which began with Galileo and ended with Davy, 
we recognize, as the chief instrumentalities by which physical 
science has been promoted, the telescope, the microscope, the 
pendulum, the balance, and the voltaic battery. It is not neces- 
sary for me to enlarge upon the strength and accuracy which the 
battery and the balance have given to chemistry, or on the stretch 
and precision of vision which the telescope and microscope have 
bestowed on astronomy and physics. These instruments, the 
veterans of many a hard fought battle, science still enjoys: not 
superannuated by their long service but continually growing in 
power and usefulness. The little opera-glass with which Galileo 
first lifted the veil from the skies and awoke the thunders of the 
Vatican has blossomed out into the magnificent refractors of 
Cambridge, Chicago, and Washington. The little reflector with 
which Newton, by a happy mistake, expected to supplant the lens, 
has grown into the colossal telescopes of Herschel, Rosse, 
the Melbourne observatory. The spasmodic, momentary action of 
Davy’s batteries, sufficient, however, to inaugurate a new -e 
in chemistry, has been superseded by constant currents, which 
grumble not at ten hours a day. After lighting up the forelands 
of a continent during the night they are fresh to work an ocean 
telegraph the next morning. With all my wonder at this BA 
terious instrument which serves so faithfully the cause of science 
and civilization, with renewed admiration of the microscope and 
the telescope, one of which transforms an invisible speck of 
matter into a universe and the other collects the immensity of 
the heavens into a little celestial globe upon the retina of 
eye, I must pause for a moment to eulogize that simplest and 
most modest of scientific tools, the pendulum. : 
With the eye of science Galileo saw in the leaning Campanile a 
Pisa, not a freak of architecture, but the opportunity of exper- 
menting on the laws of falling bodies: and, in the adjacent wei 
dral where others admired the marble pavement or the vaul i 
roof, the columns, statues, or paintings, his attention was caugh! 
