GEOLOGY. ANTHROPOLOGY. 637 
of partial albinism, or a change produced by the modified condi- 
tion of its food and mode of life.— Rosert Ripeway. 
GEOLOGY. 
DEEP SEA TEMPERATURE IN THE ANTARCTIC Sea. —In the Re- 
port to the Admiralty of Capt. G. S. Nares, of H. M. S. Chal- 
lenger, dated Melbourne, March 25, 1874, Capt. Nares, śpeaking 
of the temperature of the ocean, especially near the pack edge of 
the ice, says :—*“ At a short distance from the pack, the surface 
water rose to 32°, but at a depth of 40 fathoms we always found 
the temperature to be 29°; this continued to 800 fathoms, the 
depth in which most of the icebergs float, after which there is a 
stratum of slightly warmer water of 33° or 84°. As the thermom- 
eters had to pass through these two belts of water before reaching 
the bottom, the indices registered those temperatures, and it was 
Impossible to obtain the exact terhperature of the bottom whilst 
hear the ice, but the observations made in lower latitudes show 
that it is about 31°. More exact results could not have been ob- 
tained even had Mr. Siemens’ apparatus been on board.” 
3 ORIGIN or THE VaLiey or THE Rurne.—Geologists intending to 
travel up the Rhine should by all means read an interesting paper 
Prof. A. C. Ramsay on the origin of the Valley of the Rhine, 
Contained in the Quarterly J ournal of the London Geological So- 
ciety (May 1, 1874). He states that the valley during portions of 
the miocene tertiary period was drained by a river flowing from 
horth southwards, and after the upheaval of the Alps the present 
"iver originated and flowed through an elevated plain formed of 
miocene rocks, leaving the existing plain, “which to the unin- 
structed eye presents the deceptive appearance of once having 
been occupied by a great lake.” 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 
_ EXTENT or THE Axcent CIVILIZATION OF Perv.— Prof. C. F: 
irt writes to the president of the Anthropological Society of 
Berlin, that in a journey to the river Amazon he found some pieces 
a Pottery of which some recall curious forms discovered in Peru, 
“nd which prove that the ancient Peruvian civilization extended to 
the eastern side of the Andes. 
