28 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
ships far out at sea; in that great year of their abundance, 
the English coast was strewn for miles with their sea 
borne corpses, the wrecks of their scattered armies. They 
were simply ubiquitous. But of galiw there exists no 
record of a single one ever having been taken anywhere 
alive or dead except somewhere near sandy tracts where 
the Galiwm grows, or bogs and mosses where the willow 
herb abounds. The species does not even frequent gardens 
like the other hawk moths; my friend Mr. Robson of 
Hartlepool, admits that although specimens of most strong 
flying Lepidoptera have been brought to him by mariners 
of that port caught far from land or temporarily settled 
on ships never once not even in that year when the 
channel to support his own views should have been alive 
with galv has a specimen of this moth been brought to him. 
So far as regards direct evidence—but now let us 
consider the question for a moment theoretically. It is 
necessary to measure the effect of such a tendency by 
benefit derivable by offspring. Now cardui must indeed 
fly far and wide to be unable to find a thistle leaf in which 
to deposit her ova and sustain her infant family of larve, 
whatever may have been the cause which developed in 
her that tendency to wander, such a tendency has evidently 
been in no way mitigated by any consequential injury to 
the larve. But consider now galw what are the chances, 
if she leaves those beds of Galwuwm or Willow herb which 
sustained her tender larval infancy, of her meeting with 
others on which to deposit ova, compared with the chance 
of her finding herself in a land where is neither bedstraw 
nor anything else serviceable for her purpose? Here we see 
no possible benefit derivative, quite the reverse. 
Still more easily demonstrable is the great improbability 
of any such instinct having become implanted in the 
species from the very fact which the imigrationists them- 
