472 PROFESSOR GEIKIE ON THE 
described on page 467. The higher cone is surmounted by a cake of basalt 
which, as I have above suggested, may have solidified at the bottom of the 
latest crater. Of course all trace of the crater has disappeared, but the general 
conical form of the volcanic mass remains. The upper dotted lines in the figure 
are inserted merely to indicate hypothetically how the volcano may originally 
have stood. On the west side, the sheets of tuff which were thrown out over 
the surrounding country have been almost entirely removed, but on the east 
and south they still cover an extensive area. (See fig. 1.) 
Another excellent example of the connection between a conical neck and 
the surrounding masses of tuff and lava which proceeded from it is presented 
by the Binn of Burntisland, to which I have already alluded. A section across 
that eminence gives the geological structure represented in fig. 14. The dip of 
— SSS LOT (a 3 
<= (TSS UT iA 
——— SSG 
a —> SS 
2 3 
ea 
a fia = 
Fig. 14.—Section across the Binn of Burntisland. 
1, Sandstones ; 2, Limestone (Burdiehouse) ; 3, Shales, &c. ; b, b, Interstratified basalts ; ¢, ¢, Bedded tuff, &c.; 
T, Tuff of the great neck of Burntisland; B, Basalt veins. 
the rocks away from the volcanic pipe at this locality has been produced long 
after the volcanic phenomena had ceased. The arch here shown is really the 
prolongation and final disappearance of the great anticlinal fold of which the 
Pentland Hills and Arthur Seat form the axis on the opposite side of the Firth. 
But if we restore the rocks to a horizontal, or approximately horizontal position, 
we find the Binn of Burntisland rising among them in two or perhaps more 
necks, which doubtless mark one of the centres of volcanic activity in that 
district. A series of smaller neck-like eminences runs for two miles westward. 
Another remarkable instance of the connection of a volcanic pipe with the 
materials ejected from it over the surrounding country is furnished by Saline 
Hill in the west of Fife. That eminence rises to a height of 1178 feet above 
the sea, out of a band of tuff which can be traced across the country for fully 
three miles. Numerous sections in the water-courses show that this tuff is 
regularly interbedded in the Carboniferous Limestone series, so that the 
relative geological date of its eruption can be precisely fixed. On the south 
of Saline Hill, coal and ironstone, worked under the tuff, prove that this portion — 
of the mass belongs to the general sheet of loose ashes and dust, extending 
outwards from the original cone over the lagoon in which the Carboniferous 
Limestone series of strata was being deposited. But the central portion of the 
hill is ocewpied by the volcanic pipe. A section across the eminence from 
north-west to south-east would probably show the structure represented 1 
