8 TRANSACTIONS LIVERPOOL BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



3. The development of these organs is in proportion to 

 their employment. 



4. All that has been acquired, begun, or changed in the 

 structure of individuals during the course of their life 

 is preserved in reproduction and transmitted to the 

 new individuals which spring from those which have 

 experienced the changes. 



He held that use and disuse were the primary factors 

 of changes of organisation ; that altered wants led to 

 altered habits, resulting in the formation of new organs 

 or in the modification of those already existing. Thus, 

 animals pursued by carnivora would tend to have slender 

 legs, while the giraffe, by constantly reaching up to the 

 foliage of trees, increased its length of neck. 



Lamarck was the first to distinguish vertebrate from 

 invertebrate animals, by the possession of a backbone. 

 He also founded the invertebrate groups, Crustacea, 

 Arachnida, and Annelida. 



In spite, however, of the advanced views of these few 

 shining lights, but little advance in the popular mind as 

 to the modus operandi of creation was apparent at the 

 time of the Queen's accession, it being the general belief 

 that plants and animals suddenly came into existence just 

 as we see them. Any reasons for their grace and beauty 

 were quite unknown. 



The year of the accession itself (1837) was rendered 

 famous by the publication of Yon Baer's great work on 

 " The Development of Animals," wherein he proved the 

 complete resemblance between the embryos of various 

 animals, as man, fish, dog, serpent, &c, leading up to 

 the conclusion that each animal in its progress from the 

 embryo to maturity recapitulates the series of changes 

 through which the ancestral form passed; in other words, 

 as was later tersely expressed by the distinguished living 



